DISUASIÓN POR EMERGENCIA: GOBERNANZA DE LA MIGRACIÓN SECURITIZADA Y CONSECUENCIAS HUMANITARIAS EN LA REGIÓN FRONTERIZA DE TIJUANA-SAN DIEGO (2022-2025)

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Publié : 2025-11-24
Mots-clés :
Migración internacional, gobernanza de fronteras, estado de excepción, derechos humanos, política migratoria

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José María Ramos García
El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-6470
Jimmy Emmanuel Ramos Valencia
El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8809-6822

Résumé

Este estudio analiza el impacto de la Declaración de Emergencia Nacional (DEN) de 2025 en los flujos migratorios irregulares del corredor Tijuana-San Diego, analizando las transformaciones en la gobernanza fronteriza y movilidad humana. El objetivo central consiste en determinar cómo la DEN reconfiguró patrones migratorios y evaluar si la intensificación del control fronterizo redirigió rutas y disuadió cruces no autorizados. La investigación adoptó un paradigma cualitativo-interpretativo mediante diseño de estudio de caso, triangulando fuentes documentales diversas: proclamaciones presidenciales, directivas gubernamentales, estadísticas fronterizas, testimonios congresionales e informes de organizaciones humanitarias. El análisis documental y codificación temática constituyeron los instrumentos metodológicos principales durante el período 2022-2025. Los hallazgos evidencian una reestructuración profunda del sistema fronterizo: centralización decisoria en Seguridad Nacional, militarización operacional, procedimientos expeditos de expulsión y coordinación bilateral intensificada con México. Las entradas irregulares declinaron significativamente, atribuible a estrategias disuasorias y control externalizado más que a resolución de causas estructurales migratorias. Paralelamente, las condiciones humanitarias se deterioraron marcadamente, manifestándose en mayor mortalidad migratoria, acceso restringido al asilo y saturación de albergues tijuanenses. Estos resultados revelan tensiones fundamentales entre eficacia operativa e imperativos humanitarios, cuestionando la sostenibilidad ética y jurídica de gobernar la migración mediante la excepcionalidad permanente.


 


This article examines the regional impact of the Trump administration's reissuance of a National Emergency Declaration (NED) at the U.S.–Mexico border from fiscal years (FY) 2022 to 2025, with specific focus on the Tijuana–San Diego corridor. Utilizing a qualitative methodology involving policy analysis and interpretive document review, this research addresses two analytical questions: (1) How has the national emergency declaration measurably influenced reductions in irregular migration flows? and (2) To what extent have intensified border enforcement measures reshaped migratory routes and deterred crossings? The analysis draws upon bureaucratic politics and securitization theories to understand the NED as a strategic reconfiguration of bureaucratic authority and migration governance within a national security framework. Findings reveal a marked institutional realignment characterized by heightened militarization, centralized authority under the Department of Homeland Security, expedited removal procedures, and significant bilateral coordination with Mexico. Although irregular migration encounters decreased significantly post-declaration, this reduction primarily reflects intensified enforcement and externalized deterrence rather than resolution of root causes driving migration. Humanitarian impacts have concurrently intensified, evidenced by increased migrant mortality, diminished asylum access, and strained border shelters. This study underscores a critical tension between operational border control successes and adverse humanitarian consequences, raising essential questions about the sustainability, legality, and ethics of emergency-based migration governance.

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Biographies de l'auteur-e

José María Ramos García, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte

Dr. José María Ramos García serves as a Professor‑Researcher in the Department of Public Administration Studies at El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (El Colef), in Tijuana, Mexico. He earned his Ph.D. in Government and Public Administration from the Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset in Madrid. As a Level II member of Mexico’s National System of Researchers (SNI), Dr. Ramos García has developed a distinguished academic and administrative career spanning over three decades.

His research focuses on strategic governance, public policy evaluation, Mexico–U.S. relations, and regional development. He has authored more than 17 books and over 100 chapters and articles in reputable academic journals and collective volumes. He has also led and coordinated numerous research projects and has organized high-level international seminars involving academic, governmental, and multilateral institutions.

Dr. Ramos García is widely recognized for his interdisciplinary approach, blending rigorous scholarly analysis with applied research that addresses the pressing challenges of governance and public policy in border regions.

Jimmy Emmanuel Ramos Valencia, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte

Dr. Jimmy Emmanuel Ramos Valencia is a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Department of Public Administration Studies at El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (El Colef) in Tijuana, under the SECIHTI program since 2022. He earned his Ph.D. in Global Development Studies from Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC) and is a member of Mexico’s National System of Researchers at Level C.

His interdisciplinary research spans migration governance, policy evaluation, and human security, with a particular focus on Mexico–U.S. border dynamics. He brings qualitative and participatory methods to the study of institutional responses and social impacts in marginalized communities.

Moreover, Dr. Ramos Valencia enriches his academic portfolio with teaching roles at UABC’s Faculty of Economics and International Relations (FEYRI), where he delivers courses on global history and governance. He has recently expanded his expertise in Generative AI and prompt engineering—applying emerging technologies to social science research and enhancing methodological innovation.

Comment citer

Ramos García, J. M., & Ramos Valencia, J. E. . (2025). DISUASIÓN POR EMERGENCIA: GOBERNANZA DE LA MIGRACIÓN SECURITIZADA Y CONSECUENCIAS HUMANITARIAS EN LA REGIÓN FRONTERIZA DE TIJUANA-SAN DIEGO (2022-2025). CHAKIÑAN, Revue De Sciences Sociales Et Humaines. https://chakinan.unach.edu.ec/index.php/chakinan/article/view/1410

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