![](data:image/png;base64,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Laura Mabel Zang - Diana Elizabeth Haugg
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722 131
ocupaban un papel destacado los cultivos anuales
de subsistencia, a partir de 1920 y hasta 1930
las plantaciones de yerba mate fueron en rápido
crecimiento. Debido al valor que este producto
comenzó a tener, rápidamente se convirtió en
el cultivo poblador por excelencia (Eidt, 1971;
Bolsi, 1986; Zang, 2020) que motivó el arribo
de inmigrantes de diversos orígenes; en efecto,
después de 1920 gran parte de los europeos que
venían hacia Misiones lo hacían respondiendo al
llamado del Oro Verde.
La yerba mate implantada pronto comenzó a
ganarle terreno a la de procedencia natural.
Así, el aumento de la extensión con yerbales
implantados fue muy evidente: entre 1922 y
1924, por ejemplo, la supercie en hectáreas
cultivadas se duplicó, para volver a hacerlo
entre 1924 y 1925 (Brodershon et al., 1975).
De este modo, de 1000 toneladas de hoja verde
cosechadas en 1914, rápidamente aumentaron a
3000 para 1918, 9000 en 1924, 13000 para 1926,
17600 en 1928, 24000 en 1929 y 38500 para
1930. En los años siguientes, el aumento sería
inclusive más dramático con 80450 toneladas en
1936 y 106330 un año después (Martin, 2004).
A comienzos de 1920, “la colonización yerbatera
dio un formidable empuje a la vida agrícola de
Misiones” (Bolsi, 1986, p. 136). La yerba mate
-que aparecía para 1918 en el primer lugar dentro
del rubro de los cultivos industriales y que se
potenciaría en la década siguiente (Fernández,
1934)- fue la actividad predominante entre los
productores -aunque no la única pues junto a
esta, en las unidades económicas también se
realizaban plantaciones anuales como maíz y
mandioca principalmente y que además servían
de alimento para la cría de animales de granja- y
permitió un rápido ascenso social entre los recién
llegados posibilitando los recursos necesarios
para la contratación de trabajo asalariado.
Este panorama favorable en torno al cultivo
yerbatero, sin embargo, se vio truncado para
nales de la década de 1920 con un fuerte
derrumbe en los precios del producto. Para
el 18 de julio de 1927, por ejemplo, Eugenio
Lagier se lamentaba con su hijo Claudio -quien
se encontraba en Suiza cursando estudios
superiores- sobre el curso que estaba tomando
la situación yerbatera en Misiones: “el precio
de la yerba bajó mucho” -escribía Lagier- “lo
que nos obliga a cuidar nuestro presupuesto”
(Gentiluomo de Lagier como se citó en Gallero,
2008, pp. 118-119).
Para 1930, la mayoría de la producción nacional
de yerba mate se concentraba en Misiones (más
del 90 %) con más de 8 millones de plantas
(De Sagastizábal, 1984). No obstante, el auge
yerbatero se vio truncado por el aumento de
las importaciones desde Brasil y Paraguay; en
efecto, durante las primeras décadas del siglo
XX, el éxito de los yerbales de cultivo generó
serios inconvenientes con el sector industrial
de Brasil por ser estos los “dueños del mercado
consumidor argentino, y había sumido en una
crisis de precios al sector” (Magán, 2008, p. 3).
Las consecuencias económicas fueron de
gran gravedad para Misiones pues cegó su
“principal fuente de sustento […], por no decir
prácticamente la única” (Daumas, 1930:12).
Entre los años 1933 y 1938, como consecuencia
de la importación de yerba canchada -o yerba
seca- desde Brasil, el 40 % del consumo del
país pasó a estar abastecido por la yerba de
esta procedencia; en tanto, la proveniente de
Paraguay durante inicios de la década de 1930
sufrió un fuerte revés debido al dislocamiento
del comercio por la intervención del país en el
conicto bélico con Bolivia.
Esta situación conllevó la intervención estatal
a partir de la Comisión Reguladora de la Yerba
Mate -CRYM- en 1935; este organismo ejerció
control en la cantidad de yerba mate producida
en el Territorio Nacional de Misiones. Más allá
del control de la oferta y de la demanda de yerba
mate, la misión fundamental de la CRYM en
este contexto fue, según María Victoria Magán,
privilegiar el trato comercial con Brasil que
permitió el ingreso de yerba de esa procedencia
al mercado nacional por ser uno de los
principales compradores de trigo argentino en
ese momento (Magán, 2008). De este modo, tal
como señaló la Cámara de Comercio Argentino-
Brasileña (1928) “el problema así denominado
se reduce a una sencilla cuestión de molineros y
acaparadores”.