KICHWA SHIMITA RIMANAKUSHPA SUMAKTA
YACHACHINA YACHAKUNAPISH
DIDACTIC INNOVATION IN TEACHING, LEARNING THE
KICHWA LANGUAGE FROM THE COMMUNICATIVE
APPROACH
INNOVACIÓN DIDÁCTICA EN LA ENSEÑANZA,
APRENDIZAJE DE LA LENGUA KICHWA DESDE EL
ENFOQUE COMUNICATIVO
DOI:
Artículo de Investigación
https://doi.org/10.37135/chk.002.17.07
Recibido: (17/08/2021)
Aceptado: (07/01/2022)
Universidad Nacional de Educación, Grupo de
Investigación: Interculturalización, diversidad cultural
y lingüística y formación de nuevas ciudadanías,
Sublínea: Enseñanza aprendizaje de las lenguas
originarias, metodologías, diseños curriculares
y didácticos e innovadores para L1-L2, Cañar,
Ecuador.
jose.duchi@unae.edu.ec
José Antonio Duchi Zaruma
Número 17 / AGOSTO, 2022 (109-121)
KICHWA SHIMITA RIMANAKUSHPA SUMAKTA YACHACHINA YACHAKUNAPISH
Número 17 / AGOSTO, 2022 (109-121) 110
KICHWA SHIMITA RIMANAKUSHPA SUMAKTA
YACHACHINA YACHAKUNAPISH
DIDACTIC INNOVATION IN TEACHING, LEARNING THE
KICHWA LANGUAGE FROM THE COMMUNICATIVE
APPROACH
INNOVACIÓN DIDÁCTICA EN LA ENSEÑANZA,
APRENDIZAJE DE LA LENGUA KICHWA DESDE EL
ENFOQUE COMUNICATIVO
Ecuador Mamallaktapa ñawpa shimikunaka llakipimi kan, shimikunaka punchanta
punchantami wakllirishpa rin, ayllukuna kichwa shimita paypak wawakunawan,
ayllukunawan pinkaymanta mana rimashkamanta, taytakuna, wamrakuna mana
rimanata munashkamanta, castellano shimi tukuy kuskakunapi, yachaykunapi, rimashka,
killkashka kashkamanta kichwa shimika wakllirishpa tukurikun. Kichwa shimi kawsashpa
katichunka, wawakuna, mutsu, kuytsakunami rimana kan, shinami kipa wiñaykuna kichwa
shimita rimashpa katinkakuna; Kichwa shimi ñawpa rimay kakpipish, wamprakuna,
wawakunaka ña mana rimanchu, castellano shimillatami rimankuna, shinami kay shimika
mama shimi tukushka. Chaymantami kichwa shimitaka wawapachamanta alli yachachina
kan. UNAE hatun yachana wasipika, runakawsayta, runashimita wiñachinkapak wasika
mana tiyanchu, shinallata imata yachachinamanta, imashina yachachinamanta, ima
hillaykunawan runa shimikunata yachachinkapakka mana tiyanchu. Chaymantami
UNAE hatun yachaywasipi kichwa shimita yachachikkunaka imashina kichwa shimita
yachaywasipi rimanakushpa alli yachachinamanta kimsa chunka shuklla shimita rimak
yachakukkunawan mashkaywan taripashkata karanchik. Kichwa shimi yachakuyka
rimaypi kurishpami rurarirka, ruraykunaka kikin kawsaypi yuyashpa yachakukkuna
alli hamutachun. Rimayka yuyayta charinmi rurarikpi, shuk shimita yachachinaka
rimanakunata yachachinami kan. Kay yachachiykunaka alli yachaytami shuktakyachin,
yachakukkunaman yachayka aychayashka kachun.
YANAPAK SHIMIKUNA: Yachachina-yachakunapish, kichwa, alli rimanakuna
The situation of the original languages in Ecuador is unfortunate, since the
displacement of languages is increasingly accelerated, due to factors such as the
interruption of the linguistic transfer in families, discredit and lack of areas of use
of the language, the Negative attitude of both parents and young people towards the
appreciation of the language, the centrality of the ocial language in the dierent
spaces of society, including information technologies, which constitute globalizing
agents of the dominant cultures. In the community of Kichwa language speakers,
despite this is a heritage language, it can be seen that children and young people
have increasingly lost their level of bilingualism and use the dominant language
as their communication language, which has become their mother tongue. At the
moment, at UNAE there is no institutional structure dedicated to the treatment
and study of native cultures and languages that determines the unity of content,
competencies, methodologies, resources and means. Considering the above, this
study tried to nd the methodological and curricular basis of the communicative
approach for the teaching of the Kichwa language from the knowledge of the
culture and it was carried out with 30 monolingual students. The methodology of
this research focuses on the application and validation of the didactic sequence,
based on the action of the teacher and the speaker to develop communication skills
and competencies. Oral language teaching-learning took place in communicative
contexts, within meaningful cultural activities for students. Communication, as
a process, is an act that only acquires meaning when it is carried out, that is,
when it is carried out, so that teaching a language is precisely teaching how to
communicate. These didactic actions mark situations of positive change, innovating
and improving teaching practice, promoting meaningful learning in students.
KEYWORDS: Teaching-learning, kichwa, communication skills
La situación de las lenguas originarias en Ecuador es desafortunada, por su
desplazamiento acelerado, debido a la interrupción de la transferencia lingüística
en las familias, desprestigio y falta de ámbitos de uso de la lengua, la actitud
negativa, de padres y jóvenes, el centralismo de la lengua ocial en los diferentes
espacios de la sociedad, incluyendo las tecnologías de la información, que
constituyen agentes globalizadores de las culturas dominantes. A pesar de que el
kichwa es una lengua patrimonial, se percibe que los niños y jóvenes han perdido
su nivel de bilingüismo y emplean la lengua dominante, que se ha convertido en
su lengua materna. Al momento, en la UNAE no existe una estructura institucional
dedicada al tratamiento y estudio de las culturas y lenguas originarias, que
determine unidad de contenidos, competencias, metodologías, recursos y
medios. Al respecto, el presente estudio buscó exponer la base metodológica
y curricular del enfoque comunicativo para la enseñanza de la lengua kichwa,
desde los conocimientos propios de la cultura. La metodología de la investigación
desarrollada se centra en la aplicación y validación de la secuencia didáctica,
basada en la acción de docente y dicentes, para desarrollar las capacidades y
competencias comunicativas. La enseñanza-aprendizaje de la lengua oral
se desarrolló en contextos comunicativos, dentro de actividades culturales
signicativas para 30 estudiantes monolingües del cuarto ciclo de la Carrera de
Educación Intercultural Bilingüe de la UNAE. La comunicación, en tanto proceso,
es un acto que solo adquiere sentido cuando se realiza, de modo que el enseñar una
lengua es precisamente enseñar a comunicar. Estas acciones didácticas marcan
situaciones de cambio positivo, innovando y mejorando la práctica docente y
promoviendo un aprendizaje signicativo en los estudiantes.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Enseñanza-aprendizaje, kichwa, competencias
comunicativas
SHUKLLAYUYAY
ABSTRACT RESUMEN
José Antonio Duchi Zaruma
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722 111
KALLARIYUYAY
Ecuador mamallaktapika tawka kawsaykunami
tiyan, kay kawsay ukukunapika sumak
yachaykunata, ruraykunatami charinchik,
ashtawanpish chay yachay ruraykunami
kawsaytaka sumakta shuktakyachin, pi
kashkata, maymanta kashkatapishmi riksichin.
Kay kawsaypa nipakunamanta rikushpaka rimay
shimimi ashtawan achikyachishpa rikuchin,
shimipika tukuy ñukanchikpa yachaykunata,
ruraykunatami rikuchishpa rimanchik,
killkanchikpish, kichwa shimi wañukpika runa
kawsaypish paktami chinkanka.
Kay sinchiyachiykunataka, yachanawasikunapi,
ayllu ukupi, ayllullaktapi, tantanakuykunapi,
pushanawasikunapi, kitikunapipishmi rurashpa
katina kanchik, shina tukuylla llamkashpami
Runa kawsaytapish ishkay shimi yachaytapish
pakta pakta sinchiyachishpa kawsashun.
Kay yachayka kichwa runakunapa yachayta,
kawsaytapish sinchiyachinkapakmi ruranchik;
shinallatak, ñukanchikpa yachachiy
yachakuypash sumakta kawsarichunmi kan.
Shina kay yachakuykunata sinchiyachishpallami
Runa Kawsayta, yachayta, kawsaypuratapish
ñawpaman llukchishun.
Tukuy Ecuador mama llaktapi, kichwa
shimika, mana killkarishkamanta, llakichishka
wakllichishkami kana kashka; kutin wakinpika
kichwa shimita killkash shukkllayachishkapish
pitilla yuyaymanmi apana kashka (Grzech 2017).
Shinapish kay yuyayka, kunan punchakunapika
shuktakyarishkami; ñapish, runakunamanka
kichwa shimi shukniki shimi kana shinaka,
ishkayniki shimimi tukushka.
Kay yachaywanka, chaskiy pakchikunatami
ashtawan allichinata yuyanchik (uyana,
killkakatina), kaykunawan yachakukkuna
rimaypi shina, killkanapi shina ashtawan
hamutachun. Shinallatak, rimana killkana
pakchikunatapishmi allichinata yuyanchik,
yachakukkuna yuyaykunata, killkay wallpayta
wiñachichun.
Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para
las lenguas (Ministerio de Educación,
Cultura y Deporte 2002) kamupika, ishkay
shimita (L2) yachakukka tawka yachaykunata
paktaykunatapishmi rimanakunkapakka
charina kan. Kay yachayñanka, imashina
yachakuk chikan chikan llankaykunawan,
yachaykunawanpish mushuk shimita
yachakunkapakmi willapan. Kichwa shimika
rimaypimi kawsan (Montaluisa 2019;
chaymanta, Kichwa shimita yachakunkapak
shuktakyachaykunata paktankapakka,
yachachakukkunaka rimanakushpallami
yachaywasi ukupi, kanchapipish chikan chikan
hillaykunawan ashtawan alli kichwa shimita
rimay ushankakuna.
Paktaykuna. UNAE ishkay shimi kawsaytapish
yachakuk wamprakunaka kichwa shimita
runakawsay yachaywanpish rimanakushpa
yachakunatami purikachanka.
Ishkay shimi kawsaypura yachayta yachakuk
wamprakuna, shukkunapash kichwa ishkay
shimi (L2) yachashkata paktankapak,
tupunkapakpish paktachina. “Rimaykachayka,
shimita yachachinapakka may allimi kan,
yachaykunawan, yuyaykunawan, hillaykunawan
yachakukka shuk rimak runakunawan pakta
pakta yachakunka” (Cantero 1998:72).
Ishkay niki shimita yachachina-yachakuna
pachapika, rimaykachayka may allitami yanapan,
shinapish yachakuk kashpa, kunan punchakuna
yachachik kashpa mana rimaykachay
yachachinataka allikachishkakunachu.
Ecuador Mama Llaktapipish imashina kichwa
shimita ishkay shimi shina yachahinkapakka
mana shuklla yachaykuna, yuyaykunapish
tiyanchu; shinallatak kichwa runakunapak
yachaykuna, yuyaykuna, kawsaytapish
chinpapurashpa yachachina ñankunaka
mana tiyanchu, chaymantami shimita alli
yachachinkapak llankana kan Marco Común
Europeopi nishka shina, runakunapa kawsaywan
chinpapurashpapish. Shinami kay taripay-
yachaywanka imashina kichwa shimita sumakta
yachachina ñanta riksichinata munani.
KICHWA SHIMITA RIMANAKUSHPA SUMAKTA YACHACHINA YACHAKUNAPISH
Número 17 / AGOSTO, 2022 (109-121) 112
TARIPAYÑAN
Kay shuktakyachayka yachachikpa llamkaypimi
tiyan, paymi yachakukkunapak llamkayta
shuktakyachinka, sumakyachinkapish, kayta
paktankapakka yachakukpa wallpayachaywan,
yuyaywanpishmi rimaykachayta paktanka.
Shinami pushakka yachakuk kichwa shimipi
rimashpa, rimanakushpapish yachakuchun,
llamkachunpish yanapanka. Yachakukkunaka
rimashpallami yachakunka, pantaykunaka
mana llakichishkachu kan, ashtawankari
alli yachakuypami yanapanka. Yachakukka
uyashpa, rimashpa, kilkashpa killkakatishpa
yachakushpapish, yachakuk wamprakunapa
rimaypimi ashtawan sinchiyachina kan.
Kay taripayka kawsaypura yuyaypimi kimirin,
maypimi pi kashkata rikuchin, shinallatak kayka
kikin shimita mustsushpa, rimashpallami alli
kana kan, kay yuyaykunaka ishkay shimita,
tawka shimita rimashpallami paktachishka
kanka (Ramírez 2001). Kay pachakunapika, runa
shimika kikin kawsayta mashkashpami shuktak
shikikunawan chimpapurashpa llakikunata
charin.
Kay yachachiy taripayta rurankapaka
(investigación acción participativa IAP)
taripay ñanpimi kimirishkanchik; kay taripay
ñamka yanapashkami yachay ukukunapi
ima tukukta, imashinami yachayta pusharin,
ima yachaykunatami kararin, ashtawankari
imashina chikan chikan patay milkakunata
yachachirikta (Fals 1999). Kay taripay ñanka
allitatakmi yanapan yachay ukukunapi
yachachiykunata taripashpa, yachayta
ashtawan sinchiyachinkapa, killkankapapish
tukuykunaman yachaykunata sinchiyachichun
yachachinkapak killkaykunawan.
Kay taripayka tukuy kuskakunapi imashina
yachayta kallarishkamanta pachami
yachaykunata hapishka kan, shina, yachachikmi
kallariypika shuk yachayñanta rurapan,
chaypa washaka, chay yachayñantami
yachakukkunaman riksichin arininakunkapak,
chaypa washaka ña yachayta ruraparin
yachachikka yachachishpa, yachakukkunaka
yachakushpa waykalla minkarinakushpa
sumakta yachaypa pushawarin.
Kay hillaykunawanmi taripashka kan: shuk
nikipika rikuywan, imashinami wamprakuna
yachaypi kurinkuna, imashinami kichwa rimayta
hapinkuna; shinallatak, yachakuy pachapi
yachayta kamashpa; yachakuy llamkaykunata,
wasiruraykunata kamashpa; ashtawanka
paykunawan rimanakushpa, imashinami
kichwa yachayta hamutakunkuna; tapuykunata
killkachishpa. Kamayka rurarishkami kimsa
pachapi, shuknikipika yachakuy allichiypi,
ishkaynikipika, yachakuypi, kimsanikipika
tukuriy llamkaywan, puchukaypika tukuriy
llamkayta rikuchishka kipa.
TARIPAYKUNA
RIMANAKUYKUNAPISH
Kichwa shimika shuktak karullaktamanta
(indoeuropeo) shimikuna shinallatakmi kapan.
Shinapish kunan punchakunapika mana
kawsaywan pakta paktachu ñawpaman rishka,
yuyaykunata, yachaykunata riksichinkapak.
Shinapish Mexico, Perú, Ecuador
mamallaktakunapika kikin shimikunatak
wiñachinkapak, sinchiyachinkapakka sumak
llankaykunami rurarishka; shinami charinchik
Programa de Formación de Maestros Bilingües
de la Amazonia Peruana FORMABIAP, creada
en 1988”. “El Consejo Regional Indígena
del Cauca CRIC reintrodujo el uso activo
de las lenguas indígenas de su territorio en
sus actividades sociales y políticas” (López
2015:267).
“(…) ishkay chunka patsakri chawpimanta
ishkay chunka shuk patsakri kallari
watakunakamanmi ishkay chunka sukta Ecuador
kichwa shimimanta killkashka kamukuna tiyan”
(Potosí 2005:131). Chay watakunamanta kunan
punchakunakamanka shimiyuk kamukuna,
shimi kamachik kamukunallami killkarishka.
Chaymantachari kichwata rimak runakunaka
José Antonio Duchi Zaruma
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722 113
ashtawa ashallakuna kan; chaymantami kichwa
shimipika mana sumak hatun yuyaykuna
wiñarishka. Shinami (López 2017:19)
nin “runaka pay kashkataka rimaywanmi
riksiytukun, kipamanmi shuktak yachaykunataka
hamutan, shinallatak shuktakkunaman
imashinakaytak wiñachin, rikuchinpish, shinami
rimayka yuyayta, yachaytapish wiñachin
sinchiyachinpish”.
Art. 13 del LOES, literal L, ninmi “Runakunapa,
llaktakunapa shimita, kawsayta, yachayta
wiñachina, sinchiyachinami kan” (LOES
2018:12). Universidad Nacional de Educación
yachana wasika chunka pusak runa kawsay
llaktakuna, chunka chusku hatun kawsay
markakunapak mañayta paktachishpami
ishkayshimi kawsaypura yachayta
wiñachinkapak yachachikkunata yachachishpa
shamun. Shinami UNAE sumak yachaywasika
ishkay waranka chunka sukta watamanta
shukniki, ishkayniki, kimsaniki, chuskuniki
patakunapi yachakuk wamprakunaman kichwa
shimita yachachishpa kallarin.
Universidad Nacional de Educación sumak
yachana wasika Ishkay shimi kawsaypura
yachaytami, ishkay waranka chunka sukta
watapi wiñachin, kutin kay yachaypika mana
achka ishkay shimita rimak (kichwa-castellano)
yachakukkunachu yachakunkpa yaykunkuna,
ashtawanka castellano shimita rimak
mishukunami chay yachaymanka yaykunkuna
(monolingües), kutin ishkay shimi kawsaypura
yachakuk tukunkapaka shuk runa shimillatapish
yachanami kan, chay mutsuywanmi kichwa
shimita, chay español shimillatak rimakkunama
yachachinata kallarinchik, yachachik tukushpaka
ishkay shimita rimashpa yachana wasikunaman
yallichunkuna.
Ishkay shimita rimak yachachikkuna kashpallami
ishkay shimi kawsaypura yachaytaka
sinchiyachina usharinkanka (Bombín 2016),
mana kashpaka, kunan pacha shuk shimillata
rimak yachachikkuna shina runapa shimitaka
wakllichishpami katinkakuna. Ña mana runa
shimipi yachachinkakuna, wamprakunata mana
kichwapi rimachinkakuna, chay llakika shamuk
punchakunapika runa shimi chinkarinami
yuyani. Sinami, imakunata rurankapaka kichwa
shimita kikin kawsaypa kakta rikurin, paywanmi
shuktak llaktakunawan rimanakurin (Iza 2019).
Kay kichwa shimita yachakuk yachakukkunaka
ishkay suyukunamanta kankuna, shukunaka
kucntisuyumanta, kutin shukkunaka
punasuyumanta, wakinkunaka runakunallatak,
shinapish ña kichwa shimita mana
taytamamakuna yachachishkakuna, kutin
wakinkunaka mishukuna kichwa shimita
yachakuna munankuna paykunapa runa
sapikunata kuyaywan yuyashpa; shinapish,
wakinpika kichwa shimika mana allí rikushkachu
kana kan (Toaquiza 2015); chaymantami kushi
yuyaywan kichwa yachaykunata sumakta
paktankunapish; kati milkapi charinchik mashna
yachakukkunami tiyan, shinallata mashna
shuklla shimita rimakkunata, kutin mashnami
ishkay shimita rimankuna.
En el ámbito escolar, los maestros usan el
quichua sólo para saludar al inicio de cada
clase, mientras los niños pueden saberlo
y usarlo extra-aula, pero no lo usan con
los profesores. Por ejemplo, en una de las
Escuelas del Milenio de una parroquia de
Bolívar, el uso del quichua es meramente
simbólico, folclórico y museístico: en las
paredes se encuentran escritos en quichua
los días de la semana, los meses, las partes
del cuerpo, los números, etc.; se usan
fórmulas de saludo muy elaboradas: allí
puncha mashi yachachik, allí shamushka
kachun, pero no se usa como lengua
de interacción real en la escuela. Por
otro lado, varios estudiantes hablan y
entienden el quichua, pero éste se usa en
la interacción extra aula. (Garcés 2020:12)
Garcés paypak taripaypi killkash rikuchin tawka
llakikuna kichwa shimipi kay punchakuna
rikurimushkamanta. Kichwa shimika kunan
punchakunallapimi killkayta, rimayta, uyayta
allichishka kan; chaymantami sinchitatak
hamutayana, yuyarinapish kanchik. Kunan
punchakunamanka tawka kamukuna,
shimiyuk kamukunapishmi killkarishka,
shinapish kaykunaka mana kichwa shimipichu
killkashkakuna kan, ashtawankari castellano
shimipimi kichwa shimi yuyayta, yachayta
killkashkakuna, chaymantami kichwa
sapiyuyaykuna wakinpika chinkarishka.
Sinapish kichwa shimipa yuyay-munayka
KICHWA SHIMITA RIMANAKUSHPA SUMAKTA YACHACHINA YACHAKUNAPISH
Número 17 / AGOSTO, 2022 (109-121) 114
willaymi kan, chay yuyaytaka pipash mana
imata nipnchuk (Kowii 2017).
Chay yuyaykunata hamutashpami kay yachay
llamkaytaka kichwa shimimantalla, kichwa
yuyaywanlla yachakuna, yachachina, killkana
yuyanchik, tukuy yachay shimi kamachikkunapi,
kaytaka yuyanchik rimanchikpish kichwa shimi
amawtariyachun.
Kichwa yachakuyka Ecuador kichwa
runakunapa kawsayta, kichwa shimita tantalla,
wayka sinchiyachinkapakmi llamkanchik kay
yuyawan:
• Kichwa runapura, may llaktapi kashpapash,
yuyaykunata alli hamutashpa hawalla
rimanakunkapak.
• Kikin kawsaytami sinchiyachin; shinaka,
kawsay pachapi pi kashkata, maymanta
kashkata, imashina kashkata, imashina
wiñarinatapish yachankapak.
• Yachaywasikunapi, yachaykunata
kichwa shimipi yachachikpika kichwa
shimita yachakkunaka ashtawan hawalla
hamutachun, paykunapa yuyaykunatapash
mana pinkashpa hawalla rimachun.
• Tukuy markakunapi suyukunapi
mamallaktakunapi chayshinalla kichwata
rurashpaka tukuykunami hamutashun,
shinaka, kichwa kawsaymarkatami
tantachishpa sinchiyachishun. Ecuador
mama llactapika sukta chinkan rimaykunapi
tiyan, chaymantami yachachikkunamanka,
chay chikan rimaykunatapish yachachina
kan, kichwa yachay yuyay sinchiyachun
• Ñukanchik llaktakunapa yachaykunata,
yuyaykunata, makiruraykunata, takikunata
arawikunata shuktakkunatapish alli
yachashpa sinchiyachinkapak.
Kay milka rikuchinmi, kanchis chunka
ishkay yachakukkunamantaka, pichka
yachakukkunallami ishkantin kichwa castellano
shimita rimankuna, ashtawanka shuk shimita
rimak yachakukkunami tiyan, nishun sukta
chunka kanchis yachakukkunami shuk shimillata
rimankuna. Kay rikuywanka shuk shimita
rimak yachakukkunamanmi kichwa yachaytaka
allichina kanchik.
Shukniki pataypi mana ishkay shimita rimak
yachakukkunata charinchikchu, ashunka
chunka shuk español shimitallatak rimak
yachakukkunatami charinchik, chaywanka
kichwa shimitaka ishkay shimi shinatakmi
yachachina kan paykunamanka; shinallatak
ishkaniki paytaypika pichwa ishkay shimita
(kichwa-español) rimak yachakukkunatami
charinchik kutin chunka kimsa shuk shimillatak
rimak yachakukkunatami charinchik, wakimpika
chay ishkay shimita rimak mashikunaka
achkatami yanapashkakuna, paykunami
mashikunataka uyaypi, rimaypi, killkakatiypi
killkaypipash yachakuyukupi kanchapipash
yanapashkakuna. Kimsaniki pataypika
ishkayniki shimita rimak yachakukkunataka
manata charinchichu, kutin español shimillatak
rimak yachakukkunataka chunka pusaktami
charinchik, chuskuniki pataypika ishkay shimita
rimak yachakukkunata mana charinchichu, kutin
castellano shimillatak rimak yachakukkunataka
kimsa chunkatami charinchik.
Kay rikushkamantami kichwa yachaytaka
ishkayniki shimi shina yachakuyta
kallarishkanchik; shinami, kichwa shimipi
imatak yachanamanta, imashina yachanamanta
sinchiyachinkapak wiñachinchik.
José Antonio Duchi Zaruma
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722 115
Rikuchishka milkawanmi kanchish tantachi
milkawan yachachirishka, kay milka yachay
ñanta yanapakka rikuchinmi imashinami
yachaykunaka uyayta, ñawiriyta/killkakatinata,
rimayta, rimanakuyta killkaytapish
paktachina kanchi, kichwa shimi yachayka
mana chikanyarishpalla yachakuna kanchu,
shinapish tukuy pichkantitak pakta pakta
yachakushpami kichwa shimitaka yachakurin;
wakin pachapika yachakukkunaka mana
yachakushka yachachikkuna ishkay kimsa
yachaykunallapi kurishpa man rimachiskakuna,
mana rimanakuchiskakuna, mana
killkachishkakunapish, chay illaykunamantami
wakin yachana wasikunapi tawka watakunata
kichwa yachayta yachachishkakuna
yachakushkakunapis, shinallata ashallata
yachashpa sakirishkakuna.
Shimita yachakunkapakka, yachakukmi
kushikuywan yachakuna kan, shinami
yachakukkunallata sumakta yachakunkuna,
kichwa shimipa mushuk yachaykunata
yuyaykunatapish utkalla hamutankakuna.
Yachaywasika wamprakunata tantachishpa,
rimachishpa, pukllachishpami sumakta
yachachina kan.
Kichwata ishkayshimi shina yachachinkapakka
yachachikmi rimanakuywan alli yachachina kan.
Kay yachakuyta ñawpaman apashkanchikmi
shina: hunkaypika ishkay punchapimi
yachachishkanchik; punchanta ishkay ishkay
saylla. Shinapish kay pachakunaka mana
tukuypa paktashkachu, yachakuy ashtawan
sinchiyachunka ashtawan sayllakunami
mutsurin.
YACHAKUYMANTA WILLAY
Kichwa shimita rimanakuywan
yachachinkapakka yachakukkunaka yachaywasi
ukupi, kanchapipish tawka llankaywanmi
kushilla yachakuna kan. Kay llankaykunami
yachakuyta alli yanapanka. Kay yachayka
rurarishkami yachakuk yachachikwan, yachakuk
sapalla, yachakuk sirmapi, yachakuk wasipi,
kay tuyaywan, yachaywan rurashpallami alli
KICHWA SHIMITA RIMANAKUSHPA SUMAKTA YACHACHINA YACHAKUNAPISH
Número 17 / AGOSTO, 2022 (109-121) 116
yachakuyka rurarin.
Yachakukkuna ña yachayta tukuchishka washaka,
chikan chikan wanprakuna tantanakushpami
llankayñanta rurankuna, puchukay llankaytapish
rikuchinkuna, shina llankashpallami
wawakunaka alli llankayta, yachakuytapish
rikuchinkakuna, charinkakunapish. Kay
yachaypika kay llankaykunatami rurashkanchik;
Ecuador Mamallaktapa tullpukkuna,
sumakruraykuna “churanamanta” turumanta
sumakruraykunamantapish.
Yachayukupika tullpuk runakunapa
kawsaymanta, paykunapa llankaymanta,
chikan chikan tullpuykuna imahina
rurashkamantapishmi rikuchina kan. Imawan
churanata ruranamanta, imashina ruranamanta,
Cañari runapa, warmipa churana ña tukuchishka
washa imashina sakiriymantapish. Turumanta
ruraykunapika hatun Panpa ayllullakta, San
Miguel de Porotos kitilli, Azogues kiti, Cañar
markapi kawsak warmikunapa llankaymantami
taripankuna.
Yachakuy pachami yachakukkunaka
kallariypika kuyurik shuyuta rikunkuna,
chaymantaka chy kuyurikshuyumantallatami
rimankuna rimanakunkunapish, chaypa washaka
yachakuy killkata ñawirinkuna/killkakatinkuna,
chay ñawirishkamanta rimankuna
rimanakunkunapish, katipika tawka ruraykunata
rurankuna, chay ruraykunaka uyashka,
rikushka, killkakatishkallamantallatakmi
kan; chaymantaka shuk killkay milkatami
wiñachinkuna, chay wiñachishka killkaytaka
wakinpika paykunapura riksichinkuna,
wakinpika shuk yachakukkunaman
riksichinkuna. Yachayka rikushpa, uyashpa,
rimashpa, rimanakushpa, killkakatishpa,
killkashpallami sinchiyan, ashunkari yachakuk
kikin ukkupi yachayta hapin, yachakuywan
sakirinpish.
IMASHINA LLAMKAY
RURARIYMANTA
Kay yachaypa llankaykunaka yachakukkunapa
mutsuykunata paktachinkapakmi rurashka kan.
TUKURIY LLAMKAYTA
ALLICHIY
Runa kawsaypika ima yachaytapish
rurashpami yachashkanchik,
chaymantami taytamamakunaka
ninanta kamankuna wawakunataka
nishpa “ñawika rikushpa, shimika
rimashpa, makika rurarshpa”, kay sumak
yuyaywanmi imatapish rurachishpalla
yachachishkakuna; shinami ayllupi
yachakuyka kallarin wawakunaka
kallariypika rikushpa, chaypa washaka
paykuna ña rikchankuna ima yachayta
llamkaytapish; shina ña tawka kutin
ña rikchashpa ashtawan allí rurash
yachakushpapish katinkuna; kutin
chay yachashkata wakinkunaman ña
rikukuchishpa ashtawan yachakunkuna;
ashtawankari yachakushkata shuk
mashikunaman yachachishpami allitak
yachashpa sikirinkuna.
Maymantak, Chuskuniki EIB
pataymanta ñukallata hapishka rikcha.
Shuyu 1: UNAE yachanawasipi
Tukuriy llamkaypak allichiriy
Kaypika yachakukkunaka chikan chikan uchilla
tantanakuykunapimi rakirishpa paykunapa
tukuriy llamkayta ruranamanta rimanakunkuna,
José Antonio Duchi Zaruma
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722 117
shinallata ima llamkayta ruranamantapish
yuyarinkuna paykuna pura kimirinakushpa,
yuyaykunata chimpapurachishpapish, kay
ruraypaka paykunallatakmi minkarinkuna,
kimirinkuna, yanaparinkuna alli rurana
yachakunapish yuyayllawan. Kay llamkaypika
yachakukkunami 95 % pachata rurana charin,
kutin yachachikka 5 % pachallatami yanapana
charin, chaymi yachakukkunaman shtawan
llamkayta kun, kutinpish kutinpish nipanchik
tukuy kay llamkayka kichwallapimi rurashka
kanka, rimana, rimanakuna, killkakatina,
killkanapish.
Yachaykunata tukuchishka washaka,
yachakukkunawan paktami puchukay
llamkayta yuyarina kan; shimikunata killkana,
yachayñankunata, yachay hillaykunata,
shinallatak kichwa shimi awariyta
ruraykunata paktachinkapak. Puntapika
purikrikuchiykunatami rikuchina kan,
shinallatak, ñawpa rimaykunatami uyachina kan,
kay hillaykunami ña yachayta tukuchinkapak
yanapanka.
Kay kuskapika yachakukpura tantanakushpa
rimanakushpa yuyarinakunkuna imatak
imamantatak tukuriy llamkaytaka rurakrinkuna,
shinapish paykuna purallatakmi tantanakuyta
sinchiyachinkapak pushaykunata minkarinkuna,
shukunaka pushakkuna, shukunaka killkakkuna,
shukunaka shuyukkuna, shukkunaka
wakinkunata yanapankapa yuyarinakunkuna,
shinami sumakta yachayñanta wiñachinkuna
katik ruraykunapi paktachinkapak.
TANTANAKUSHPA TUKURIY
LLAMKAYTA ALLICHINKUNA
Tukuriy llamkayta rikuchinkapa yachay ñanta
rurashka kipaka, imapi minkarishkakunapimi
wakinpika chikan chikan llamkankuna, kutin
wakinpika tantanakushpa yanaparishpa waykalla
llamkayta paktachiypa llamkankuna. Kay
llamkaypika ashtawan kichwata yachakkunami
pushaytukunkuna, shinallatak ashallatak
yachakkunaka yanaparinkuna, minkarinkunapish
wakin mashikunapi. Chay llankaypami
chikan chikan uchilla tantanakuykunataka
chakrushpa rurana ashtawan yachakkunawan
ashallatak yachakkunawanpish, pakta pakta tuy
yachakukkuna yachakuchunkuna.
Maymantak, Chuskuniki EIB pataymanta
ñukallata hapishka rikcha.
Shuyu 2: UNAE yachanawasipi tukuriy
llamkayta allichiy
Kay yachachikkunaka rikuchinkunami
imashina wasita rurankuna ayllullaktakunapi,
shinallatak tukuy llamkaypimi minkaywan
rurankuna, chaypaka paykuna willanmi ima
ruraykunallatami shuk wasita rurankapak rurana
charin, chaypa washa wasita rurash rikuchinkuna
kichwallapi rimashpa, wasi ima kuskakunata
charikta, ima hillaykunawan rurashkata,
pikunallami wasi ruraypi yanapankuna, chay
wasi ruraypika rikurin, yacharin ima yuyayta,
imashina kawsayta charikta; shinallatak ima
mikuykuna, upyaykuna, yachaykunapish tiyakta.
Katipika paktaykunata rikuriyankapakmi
willaykunata kuna kan. Pushakmi
yachakukkunaman achikllata willanka maykan
paktaykunamanmi rikuchiywanka chayana
kan; willaykuna alli hamutashka kachunmi
rikuriyana kan, shina yachakukkuna paykuna
munay kikin yachaykunawan tantanakushpa
llamkachunkuna.
Ama pantaykuna tiyachunka ima llamkayta
KICHWA SHIMITA RIMANAKUSHPA SUMAKTA YACHACHINA YACHAKUNAPISH
Número 17 / AGOSTO, 2022 (109-121) 118
ruranata, imashina llamkanata, imawan
llamkantaka pankapi killkashpa killkakatishpa
rimashpa rimanakushpapishmi yachachina,
rikuchina yachachinapish kan, shina
rurashpallami tukuriy llamkayka allí rurarinka,
wakinpika kichwa shimillapi rikuchikpika mana
allí hamutankunachu, chaymanta allimi kan
yachakukkunapa mamashimipipish yachachina
allitak hamutachun mana pantaykunawan
taririchunkuna.
TUKURIY LLANKAYTA
ÑA RIKUCHINKAPA
ALLICHISHKAKUNA
Tukuriy llamkayta rikuchinkapaka tukuy
rikuchiypa yachaytami allí yachankuna, chaypa
washaka tukuy hillaykunatami rikuchinkapak
allichinkuna, wakin hillaykunataka
yachakukkunallata rurankuna, wakin
hillaykunataka wasimanta apamunkuna, wakin
hillaykunataka rantinkuna, mañankunapish;
shinallami tantanakushpa, yanaparishpa,
minkarishpa tukuy mutsuykunawan
allichirinkuna.
Kay tukuriy llamkaypika, yachakukkunaka
rikuchinkunami makanakuna, chumpikuna,
shuktak churanakunata imashina rurankuna,
ima shutikunatami charinkuna, imashinami
tullpunkuna, imashinami tukuchinkuna ña
katunkapa churarinkapapish.
Kimsanikipika yachayukupimi puchukay
llamkaykunata yachaykunatapish rikuchina
kan, pushakpa yanapaywanmi tullpuymanta,
churanamanta, mankakunata turumanta
ruranamantapish yachayñata rikuchina kan.
Tukuy allichishka tukuriy llamkaykunatami
yachakukunaka rikuchinkuna yachana ukupi,
chaypaka kallarinkunami paykuna riksichishpa
pikunami kankuna, imatami rikuchiypa
allichishkakuna.
Tullpuymanta rikuchiy tantanakuyka
kallariypika rimankuna imami kan, imapami kan,
chaypa washaka rimashkakunami Secoya Runa
Ramon Piyaguaje, Shinallatak chibuleo Runa
Sayri Shigalomantapish tullpukkunamanta,
imatami paykuna tullpun, ima hillaykunawan,
ima tullpuykunawan ashunkari ima yuyaywanmi
kay hatun runakuna tullpuykunata wiñachin
tullpunkunapish. Tukuriypika tukuy chay
rikuchiypi kakkunawan shuk rikcha tullputa
wiñachishpa tullpuchirkakuna, chaypaka
imashinami tullpuna, imashinami tullpukunata
chakkruna, imashinami tullpunkapa
hillaykunata mutsunamantapish yachachishpa
rurachishpapish, shinami chay tukuriy llamkayka
shuk sumak tullpuywan tukurirka kichwapi
rimashpa, rimanakushpa yuyashpapish.
Churanakunamanta tukuriy llamkay rikuchiyka
kallariypika kimsa kuskakunapi awaymantami
rimarkakuna, kaykunami kankuna; Chimborazo
Maymantak, Chuskuniki EIB pataymanta ñukallata hapishka rikcha.
Shuyu 3: UNAE yachanawasipi tukuriy llamkayta rikuchinkapa allichiriy
José Antonio Duchi Zaruma
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722 119
Marca, Cacha kitillimanta “coco ruwana”
churanakunamanta, Cañar Marca “amarrado
ruwanamanta”, kutin tukuriypika Cuenca Marca
“makana” churanamanta, kaypika kimsatak
churanakunami shinallatak rikurin, rurarin
rimashpa rikuchishkakuna. Kay rikuchiypaka
Gualaseo Kitikmanmi rirkanchik shuk ayllu
kawsayman, maypimi tukuy imashinami
chay churanata kallarimanta pacha rurarikta
rikuchirkakuna rurashpa; kallariypika millmata
charina, chaypa washaka puchkana, puchkataka
tullpuna, tullpushka washaka awana maki awana
hillaypi.
Turumankamanta tukuriy llamkayka kallariypi
rikuchin imashinami Cañar Marca, Azogues
kiti, San Miguel Kitillipi ñawpa taytamamakuna
chayra turumanta mankakunata, shilakunata,
mulukunata, kunkipiñukunata chayra turumanta
rurash kawsaypa mutsunkuna shinallatak
shuktak kitikunamanpish katunkapak
llukchinkuna; paykunaka imashinami rurankuna,
ima allpakunatami mutsunkuna, imashinami
tukuchiyta rurankuna tukuy rurashkakunata
ninapi kusashpa ña katuypa kachankapa;
paykunaka tukuchishkakunami kay hatun pampa
kuskapi turumankakunata ruasha kari warmi
runakuna kawsahkamanta.
TUKUKURIY LLAMKAYTA
RIKUCHINKUNA
Maymantak, Chuskuniki EIB pataymanta
ñukallata hapishka rikcha.
Shuyu 4: UNAE yachanawasipi tukuriy
llamkayta rikuchiy
Kaypika shuk yachakuk mashimi paypa tukuriy
llamkayta rikuchikun yachachikman, shinallatak
paypa mashikunamanpish allpankaykunamanta,
kaykunaka kanmi: allpa, yaku, wayra,
ninapish, kaypika rimanmi imashinami
tukuy allpankaykuna yanaparin runakunam
allí kawsayta kunkapa, shinaka, runakunaka
chykunapi minkarishkallami kankuna
kawsankapa.
Yachayukuta rikuchik kuskaman tikrashka
washaka, yachakukkunaka kichwa shimita
rimashpallami paykunapak kikin llamkayta
paktachinkakuna. Hillaykunawan llamkashpa,
kushikuywan rimanakushpapishmi kay pachaka
llamkana kan. Kay llamkay pachaka, pushakka
yanapay mutsukrikllapimi rurana kan.
Kay pachapika yachakukkunami tukuy pushayta
apankuna, paykunallatakmi ruraykunata
llamkaykunata kamachinkuna imashinami
allichiypi yuyarirkakuna killkarkakuna
yachakurkakunapish; chay yuyaywanmi
pachatak nikitapish rakirinkuna ña tukuriy
llamkayta rikuchinkapa. Yachachikka,
kay kuskapika mana may imata ruranchu
ashtawankarin rikuchiyta imashina rurakta
rikunapimi kurin, ima paktaykuna, ima
pantaykuna tiyakta ñawpaman rimanakunkapa.
YACHAYTA TUKUCHISHKA WASHA
Yachakukkunaka, tukuriy llamkayta rikuchishka
washaka yachayukutaka punta kashka
shinamanmi tikrachina kan, chaypaka tukuy
ima apamushkatami tantankuna, shinallatak
wakaychinkuna ama ima chy rikuchishka kuskapi
sakirichun, kay llamkayta rurankapakka tukuy
yachakukkunami yachachikpa yanapaywan
tantanakushpa llankamkakuna.
Wakinpika ima mikuna upyanatapish apamushpa
pampa mikuna rushpami tukuchirin, kuyayta
yanapariyta apanakuyta, karanakuytapish
yachakukpura yachachikwanpish rikuchishpa,
chay tiyachiunka alli apanakuypishmi tiyana
charin yachakukpura, yachakukkunawan
yachakikwanpish, shinallami yachakuyka alli
llukshin.
KICHWA SHIMITA RIMANAKUSHPA SUMAKTA YACHACHINA YACHAKUNAPISH
Número 17 / AGOSTO, 2022 (109-121) 120
TUKURIY LLAMKAY KAMAYKU
Kay taripayka ishkay kamaykutami charipan,
shukka kanmi taripay kamayku, kutin shukka
kanmi yachayta kamayku.
Taripay kamayku, kayka kimsa pachapimi
kamaykurishka, kallariypika tukuy taripay
llamkay pacha, chaypa kipaka ña taripay
tukurikukpi, shinallatak ña taripay llamkay
tukurishka washa, chay kimsa pacha
kamaykushkami willan shina llamkanaka allimi
kan, yachakukkunaka ashtawan puykunallata
yachakuypi kurinkuna, kipaka paykuna pura
aylluyarinkuna, paykunallatak paykunapa
yachayta pushankuna, mana hamutarishpaka
shuk kamukunapi taripankuna, wakinpika shuk
mashikunaman tupunkuna yachayta yuyayta
ashtawan sinchiyachinkapa.
Yachayta kamayku, kay yachachiy llamkaypika
kamaykuka tukuy pachami rurarin, ashunkari
yachakukpurapishmi kamaykunkuna;
yachachikka tukuy pachami kamaykun,
yachakuy kallarishkamanta pacha, shina:
kallariypika uyayta alli hamutaymanta,
chay washaka killkakatiyta hamutaymanta,
shinallatak rimayta, rimanakuyta, killkaytapish,
shina kamaykushpallami yachayka allí
ñawpaman aprin. Kichwa yachakukkunaka
pakta paktami tukuy yachaykunata yachakuna
ruranapish charin, wakin yachayta mana pakta
pakta hapishpaka yachaypi kipayanllami, chayka
ashtawan ñawpapika llakitami kun yachakukman
yachachikmanpish. Kay katipaytaka rurarinmi
allí yachakuchun yuyashpa mana yupayta
churankaraykuka, kay yuyayka kichwa shimita
yachakuchun yuyashpami rurarin.
Yachakukkunata tupuyka tukuy pachami rurana
kan, ima llakikunata charikpika yanapaytami
tukuy pacha karana kan, yachachikka
yachakukkunawanmi rimanakushpa,
yuyaykunata chimpapurashpapishmi tupuna
kan.
TUKURIY YUYAY
UNAE sumakyachaywasipa kichwa shimita
yachachina, yachakuypish rimanakushpa
yachayñanwanmi llakashpa shamunchik, shinami
ashankaman ashankaman sumak yachaykunata
paktamunchik, mushuk yachaykunatapishmi
wiñachishpa shamunchik; kay llamkayka kay
yachaykunallatakmi sakishka:
Ñukanchik llaktapa shimikunata
yachachina, yachakunapish yachakukkunapa
mutsurikunawan yuyaykunawanpishmi pakta
pakta rina kan.
Minkarishpa shimikunata yachakunkapakka,
yachakukkuna pura, yachakukkuna
yachachikwanpish apanakushpallami alli kan,
yachakuypish hawallami kanka.
Kay yachakuyka kikin kawsayta, yuyayta,
yachaytapishmi ashtawan sinchiyachin,
shinashpallami wakinkunaka ashtawan
runayankuna.
Tukuriy llamkaywanka tukuy yachakukkunami
pakta pakta yachakunkuna uyanata kilkakatinata,
rimanata, rimanakunata, killkanatapish, kay
yachaykunawan pakta yachashpaka ña kichwata
rimakunallami.
Runa yuyaypika rurashpami yachakuna kan,
chay yuyay-yachayta paktachishpami kichwa
shimitaka hawalla yachakuna usharin.
Antisuyu yachakukkunami ashtawan
kichwa shimita yachakushkakuna, wakin
punasuyu yachakukkunaka mana may
yachakushkakunachu, kayta yachankapaka
shuktak taripaytachari rurana kanma yuyani.
DECLARACIÓN DE CONFLICTO DE
INTERESES: El autor declara no tener
conictos de interés.
DECLARACIÓN DE APROBACIÓN DEL
COMITÉ DE ÉTICA: El autor declara que
la investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de
Ética de la institución responsable, en tanto la
misma implicó a seres humanos.
José Antonio Duchi Zaruma
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722 121
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