ABRIL, 2025 (155-175)Número 25
COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM AND
MONUMENT CONSERVATION IN BOYACÁ,
COLOMBIA
TURISMO COMUNITARIO Y CONSERVACIÓN
DE MONUMENTOS EN BOYACÁ, COLOMBIA
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37135/chk.002.25.07
Research Article
Recibido: (25/07/2024)
Aceptado: (17/11/2024)
1Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios – UNIMINUTO, Tourism and Hotel
Business Administration, Bogotá, Colombia, email: angie.salgado-m@uniminuto.
edu.co
2Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios – UNIMINUTO, Tourism and Hotel
Business Administration, Bogotá, Colombia, email: lbohorque30@uniminuto.edu.
co
3Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios – UNIMINUTO, Tourism and Hotel
Business Administration, Bogotá, Colombia, email: jorge.moraf@uniminuto.edu.co
Angie Lorena Salgado Moreno1,
Luis Mauricio Bohórquez Patiño2,
Jorge Alexander Mora Forero3
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The research was focused on identifying the community’s willingness to get involved in
monument conservation eorts in the development of community tourism in the department
of Boyacá. A mixed approach was used, with a descriptive methodological design and the
categories addressed were: community tourism, community participation and monument
conservation. In the rst phase, in-depth interviews were conducted with eight tourism
service providers in the department of Boyacá during the months of September and November
2023. In the second phase, surveys were conducted with members of the community of the
department of Boyacá. The results obtained provide an integral vision of the community’s
willingness to get involved in the conservation of monuments, which not only strengthens
the social fabric, but also generates a sense of belonging and local pride that translates into
an enriching experience for visitors. In conclusion, it was found that, for the development of
community-based tourism in Boyacá, it is essential to identify the community’s willingness
to get involved in monument conservation eorts, since the participation of local inhabitants
is fundamental to guarantee the sustainability of these initiatives.
KEYWORDS: Community-based tourism, preservation, conservation
La investigación ejecutada se enfocó en identicar la disposición de la comunidad
para involucrarse en los esfuerzos de conservación de monumentos en el desarrollo del
turismo comunitario en el departamento de Boyacá. Se empleó un enfoque mixto, con
diseño metodológico descriptivo y las categorías abordadas fueron: turismo comunitario,
participación comunitaria y conservación de monumentos. En la primera fase se realizaron
entrevistas en profundidad a ocho prestadores de servicios turísticos del departamento
de Boyacá durante los meses de septiembre y noviembre de 2023. En la segunda fase se
realizaron encuestas a miembros de la comunidad del departamento de Boyacá. El muestreo
fue probabilístico con nivel de conanza del 95%, margen de error de 10. Los resultados
obtenidos proporcionan una visión integral de la disposición de la comunidad para
involucrarse en la conservación de monumentos, lo que no sólo refuerza el tejido social, sino
que genera un sentimiento de pertenencia y orgullo local que se traduce en una experiencia
enriquecedora para los visitantes. En conclusión, se constató que, para el desarrollo del
turismo comunitario en Boyacá, es fundamental identicar la voluntad de la comunidad para
involucrarse en los esfuerzos de conservación de los monumentos, ya que la participación de
los habitantes locales es fundamental para garantizar la sostenibilidad de estas iniciativas.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Turismo comunitario, preservación, conservación
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN
COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM AND
MONUMENT CONSERVATION IN BOYACÁ,
COLOMBIA
TURISMO COMUNITARIO Y CONSERVACIÓN
DE MONUMENTOS EN BOYACÁ, COLOMBIA
Angie Lorena Salgado Moreno, Luis Mauricio Bohórquez Patiño, Jorge Alexander Mora Forero
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722
157
INTRODUCTION
The department of Boyacá is one of the departments with the greatest
historical and cultural wealth in the country, due to its archaeological
ndings and its tangible cultural heritage, the heritage network of
Boyacá has 65 declarations of cultural assets and cultural manifestations
in 32 dierent municipalities declared by the Ministry of Culture,
Despite this structural wealth, the departmental development plan
concerning tourism emphasizes the diversication of the sector around
the development of sports trails, productive routes, beautication
of municipalities, among other plans that do not contemplate the
maintenance and tourist exploitation of monuments (Cruz, 2021).
Community participation in the preservation of monuments in Boyacá
is a crucial issue in the current context of cultural heritage conservation.
This article seeks to explore and understand the fundamental role
played by the community in safeguarding and promoting historical
and cultural monuments in this Colombian department (Simonofski
et al., 2021). Over the years, Boyacá has witnessed the historical and
architectural richness that constitutes its legacy, becoming a living
reection of identity and collective memory (He & Ma, 2021). In this
sense, the active participation of the community in the preservation of
these monuments is not only essential for their physical conservation,
but also for their social and cultural valorization (Guo et al., 2021).
Understanding how the community perceives, values and is involved
in the protection of monuments in Boyacá is crucial for designing
eective conservation strategies. Interaction between local authorities,
cultural heritage experts, and local inhabitants is a vital component to
ensure the sustainability and continuity of these initiatives (Tai et al.,
2020). Likewise, community involvement not only implies the physical
conservation of monuments, but also the promotion of a sense of
belonging and shared responsibility towards these historic sites, thus
fostering the preservation of cultural identity and the rootedness with
the past (Thompson, 2022).
The detailed analysis of perceptions, attitudes and levels of community
commitment towards the preservation of monuments in Boyacá
will reveal fundamental aspects that could enhance inclusive and
participatory strategies in heritage conservation (Arreche & Vázquez,
2020). This research seeks, therefore, to shed light on the dynamics of
community participation in the preservation of monuments, providing
knowledge that can nurture public policies, community actions and
projects aimed at the protection and enhancement of heritage in Boyacá.
“Community participation is crucial for sustainable monument
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conservation as it fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility
towards cultural heritage.” (Subedi & Shrestha, 2023, p. 35). Thus,
“Monuments are silent witnesses to history, but it is the community
that brings them to life, preserving their signicance and relevance over
time.” (Korenič, 2024, p. 29).
Community-based tourism has been consolidated as a sustainable
tourism alternative that promotes local development and the
conservation of cultural and natural heritage (Gómez et al., 2023; Ruiz-
Ballesteros, 2022). Likewise, local communities are protagonists, as
they actively participate in the planning, management and economic
benets of tourism in their areas (Mtapuri & Giampiccoli, 2019). This
approach fosters an authentic cultural exchange between visitors and
residents, allowing tourists to experience the daily life of communities
and contribute directly to their well-being (Cáceres-Feria et al., 2021).
By involving residents in the provision of tourism services, employment
and entrepreneurship opportunities are generated, contributing to the
diversication of the local economy and reducing migration to urban
areas (Haz et al., 2022). In addition, community-based tourism promotes
the conservation of cultural and natural heritage, as communities are
often aware of the importance of preserving their resources for future
generations (Dolezal & Novelli, 2020; León-Gómez & Mora, 2022).
“Monument conservation at the community level faces signicant
challenges, especially in terms of resource management and social
cohesion.” (Zangari et al., 2024, p. 67).
Community-based tourism stands out for oering unique and authentic
experiences to travelers (Giampiccoli & Mtapuri, 2021). Unlike
conventional tourism practices, where massied attractions and
standardized experiences can be found, community-based tourism
allows visitors to immerse themselves in local life and culture,
participate in traditional activities, and enjoy the hospitality of host
communities (Mora, 2022; Mora & Pérez, 2021). This not only
enriches the travel experience, but also promotes greater respect and
understanding between cultures. “Participatory conservation not only
protects heritage, but also strengthens community ties and promotes
social cohesion.” (Taylor, 2023, p. 45).
It is a fundamental process for sustainable development and improvement
of the quality of life in communities (Haverila et al., 2020). It refers to
the active involvement of residents in decision-making that aects their
environment, as well as in the planning, implementation and evaluation
of actions and projects that seek collective benet (Islam et al., 2020).
This participation goes beyond simple consultation, involving real and
continuous engagement of community members at all stages of the
process (Campbell-Arvai & Lindquist, 2021).
Community participation is associated with several benets for both
communities and the projects and policies that are developed in
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them (Thomas et al., 2020). First, it strengthens residents’ sense of
belonging and cultural identity by enabling them to play an active role
in the construction and development of their community (Li & Liu,
2020). In addition, community participation fosters responsibility
and empowerment, as residents become agents of change in their
environment, which contributes to the creation of more resilient and
cohesive communities (Zeidan et al., 2021).
Community participation can improve the eectiveness and sustainability
of projects and policies by ensuring that they are truly responsive to
community needs and aspirations (Ranwa, 2021). By involving residents
from the outset, local challenges can be identied and addressed more
eectively, drawing on the knowledge and experience of those who live
and work in the community (Cerveny et al., 2022; Mora et al., 2023). In
this way, community participation becomes a fundamental pillar for the
comprehensive and sustainable development of communities (Hesari et
al., 2020).
In terms of relevance, community participation contributes to
strengthening social cohesion and the community fabric, promoting
collaboration and teamwork to achieve common goals (Pita et al., 2023).
In addition, community participation can improve the eectiveness
of social interventions and programs, since decisions made in a
participatory manner tend to be more accurate and appropriate to the
real needs of the community (Postigo, 2023).
Among the most important aspects of community participation are
inclusiveness, diversity of voices and transparency. Inclusion ensures
that all community members can participate, regardless of gender,
age, ethnicity or socioeconomic status (Cruz, 2021). Diversity of
voices enriches the decision-making process by incorporating dierent
perspectives and experiences. Finally, transparency in the community
participation process is key to building trust and legitimacy in the
decisions made, ensuring that they are acted upon for the benet of the
entire community (Loya & Fusté-Forné).
Among the determinants that inuence citizen participation are
civic education, which promotes knowledge of citizens’ rights and
responsibilities, and accessibility to the information and resources
needed to participate actively in public life (Kia, 2021). Another
important determinant is trust in institutions and in the democratic
process, since lack of trust can dissuade citizens from participating in
political and community activities (Teasell et al., 2020).
Monument conservation is a crucial aspect of preserving the history,
cultural identity and heritage of a society (Murotjon, 2023). These
monuments, whether they are historic buildings, archaeological sites
or iconic structures, represent tangible testimonies of history and
human creativity over time (Wen et al., 2023). Proper conservation of
monuments not only ensures their physical survival, but also enables
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future generations to enjoy and learn from them (Li et al., 2023). It
also involves a series of actions and measures to ensure their physical
integrity and cultural signicance (Alibaigi & MacGinnis, 2023).
“Monument conservation not only preserves the past, but also empowers
communities, giving them a voice in the protection of their heritage.”
(Haz et al., 2022, p. 13). However, “Sustainability in monument
conservation depends largely on the active and continuous participation
of the community.” (Cáceres-Feria, 2021, p. 53).
The above includes cleaning, repair and restoration of structures, as
well as the implementation of protection and safety measures to prevent
damage caused by factors such as climate, pollution or unregulated
tourism (Gunasdi et al., 2023). In addition, conservation also involves
research and documentation of monuments, to better understand their
history and cultural context (Petracek et al., 2023). Thus, it is important
to emphasize that monument conservation is not only the responsibility
of cultural heritage experts, but also requires the active participation
of the community and the support of local and national authorities
(Posener, 2023). In addition, “Community organizations play a vital role
in monument conservation, acting as guardians of cultural heritage.”
(Ranwa, 2021, p. 102).
Raising awareness about preserving monuments and promoting
sustainable tourism and development practices are key to ensuring
their long-term preservation (Ramírez & Adzich, 2023). Ultimately,
monument conservation not only protects the past, but also enriches
the present and future of a society by promoting appreciation of its
history and culture (De Pretto, 2023). Likewise, some monuments
should be left untouched and show cumulative signs of vandalism
and expropriation (Taylor, 2023). On the other hand, they are mainly
elements that safeguard the past to convey a message to the present,
they serve so that yesterday is not pulverized with the passage of time
(Rupinsky et al., 2023).
METHODOLOGY
The research adopted a mixed methodology with a descriptive
approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a
comprehensive view of the phenomenon studied. According to Matović
& Ovesni (2023), they argue that the integration of quantitative and
qualitative methodologies in mixed methods research is not only feasible
but also essential to obtain a more complete and enriched understanding
of social phenomena.
They argue that the combination of these methodologies allows the
strengths of each approach to be harnessed, overcoming their individual
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limitations. This integration facilitates a triangulation of data that
enhances the validity and depth of ndings, supporting the feasibility
of a research approach that seeks to encompass multiple perspectives to
address complex questions in social research.
The research was developed in two distinct phases to capture a full
range of data. In the rst phase, in-depth interviews were conducted
with eight tourism service providers in the department of Boyacá during
the months of September and November 2023. These providers were
selected because they were the only ones interested in participating in the
research during that period. The interviews provided rich and detailed
information about their experiences, perspectives and challenges in the
region. The interviews were designed to explore specic aspects of the
sector and to obtain an in-depth understanding of the operational and
strategic reality from the perspective of the service providers.
In the second phase, structured surveys were conducted with 112
members of the community in the department of Boyacá, guaranteeing
the informed consent of all participants. The sample size was calculated
using an innite statistical formula that considered a condence level of
95% and a margin of error of 10, which indicates that the sample size is
97 over the total number of surveys conducted (112). This quantitative
phase complemented the qualitative information obtained in the rst
phase, providing statistically representative data on the community’s
perception and opinions regarding the tourism sector. The combination
of these methods according to the methodology of Zagier (1992)
allowed for a complete and balanced evaluation of the object of study,
integrating both subjective perspectives and empirical data. (see Table
1).
Table 1: Description of sample formula
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The positive results of the conservation and optimal maintenance of
the monuments in Boyacá generate a signicant impact on the inux
of tourists to the municipality. These monuments represent become
a cultural attraction for national and international visitors, increasing
the interest in discovering and understanding the narrative that these
historical sites encapsulate. The preservation of the monuments not
only ensures their physical integrity, but also contributes to the creation
of a pleasant and authentic environment that captures the imagination
of tourists.
Community participation in the conservation and recognition of these
monuments not only strengthens the social fabric, but also generates a
sense of belonging and local pride, which translates into an enriching
experience for visitors. Together, these actions not only safeguard
Boyacá’s historical heritage, but also promote sustainable cultural
tourism, boosting economic development and the promotion of local
identity (table 2).
Table 2: Optimal conservation and maintenance of monuments
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The demographic analysis reveals a diverse distribution in the sample,
with the “Self-employed” category representing the highest proportion,
reaching 44%. This gure suggests a signicant presence of self-
employed or freelance individuals in the population studied. “Students”
constitute the second largest group, with 19%, indicating the presence
of a young population or one in the process of academic training. 15%
of “Tour guides” point to the importance of the tourism sector in the
sample, possibly reecting an active participation in the local tourism
industry.
“Entrepreneurs” and “Teachers” represent 10% and 6%, respectively,
suggesting a notable proportion of individuals with entrepreneurial
initiatives and dedication to teaching. Finally, 6% of “Employees”
reects a modest but signicant presence of salaried workers. This
demographic analysis highlights the heterogeneity of the sample and
the diversity of roles and activities in the study population (gure 1).
Figure 1: Occupation
In the analysis of the data provided on the percentage distribution of
the population in various municipalities, there is a notable demographic
disparity among them. Villa de Leyva stands out with 31%, consolidating
itself as the locality with the highest population concentration compared
to the others. It is followed by Paipa, with 24%, and Duitama with 20%,
forming an intermediate group in terms of population. In contrast, Tota
and Chiquinquirá have more modest percentages, with 10% and 9%,
respectively, suggesting a lower population density in these areas.
Monguí, with only 5%, appears as the locality with the lowest proportion
of population, indicating a smaller human presence compared to the
rest of the localities analyzed. This analysis reveals signicant patterns
in population distribution, which could have implications for aspects
such as socioeconomic development and infrastructure in each region
(gure 2).
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Figure 2: Municipality
The paragraph provides signicant data on citizens’ knowledge of the
most representative monuments of their respective municipalities. With
an impressive 93%, most of the people surveyed claimed to know these
local monuments. This high percentage suggests a considerable level
of awareness and cultural connection between the inhabitants and the
representative symbols of their communities. However, we cannot
overlook the remaining 7% who admitted to being unfamiliar with local
monuments.
This minority group may indicate possible gaps in the dissemination
of information or the need for cultural promotion strategies to improve
knowledge and appreciation of monuments among a segment of
the population. In general, the information provided highlights the
importance of fostering cultural awareness and heritage knowledge
in society to strengthen community ties and preserve the identity of
monuments (gure 3).
Figure 3: Do you know the most representative monuments of your
municipality?
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The numerical scale associated with each level of impact provides a
quantitative measure that allows a detailed evaluation. In this context,
signicant weight is assigned to level 5, indicating full impact, with a
percentage of 33%. This suggests that most respondents consider that
the history embodied by the monuments has a signicant inuence on
attracting tourists to the municipality. On the other hand, the lower
levels of the scale also have signicant percentages assigned to them,
indicating a diversity of opinions on the impact of history on tourist
inow.
The weighted distribution reects the complexity of individual
perceptions and suggests that while some consider monument history
to have a considerable impact, others may not see this connection
as directly. The methodology provided oers an eective tool for
quantifying and understanding the varied opinions of the population
regarding the relationship between monument history and tourism in
the municipality (gure 4).
Figure 4: Do you consider that the history represented by these
monuments impacts the tourist’s inow in the municipality?
The analysis reveals a signicant division of opinion regarding the state
of maintenance of the monuments in the municipality in question. The
fact that 60% of respondents answered negatively indicates a worrying
majority who perceive deciencies in the current conditions. This trend
could suggest the existence of underlying problems in the management
of monument maintenance, such as lack of investment, inadequate
planning, or poor supervision.
On the other hand, the 40% responding armatively could indicate
a more optimistic perception on the part of the population, although
it is important to consider whether this positive opinion is based on
a relative comparison or whether it really reects an acceptable level
of conservation. Ultimately, these results underscore the need for
a more detailed evaluation of the state of the monuments and the
implementation of corrective measures if the cultural and heritage value
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of the municipality is to be preserved and promoted (gure 5).
Figure 5: ¿Do you consider that the monuments in your municipality
are in optimal maintenance conditions?
This analysis presents a proposal for measuring the interest of the
population in participating in activities aimed at the preservation and
recognition of monuments. The evaluation scale, ranging from 1 to 5,
reects a range of interest, where 5 indicates a high level of interest
and 1 denotes lack of interest. The distribution of the results reveals
an ascending pattern, showing that 33% of the respondents expressed
a strong interest (score 5), followed by 27% with a score of 4. Also,
20% indicated moderate interest (score 3), 13% showed a low level of
interest (score 2), and 7% expressed a signicant lack of interest (score
1).
This quantitative analysis provides a detailed understanding of attitudes
towards monument preservation, highlighting the considerable
proportion of individuals with signicant interest, suggesting a solid
basis for activities in this area. However, it is essential to consider
additional factors, such as the reasons behind these evaluations, to gain
a more complete and action-oriented understanding (gure 6).
Figure 6. ¿How interested would you be in participating in
activities that contribute to the preservation and recognition of these
monuments?
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The following analysis presents revealing data on community
preferences and opinions regarding the most eective actions for
monument conservation and maintenance. First, it is striking that
a signicant 51% of respondents believe that the construction of a
monument improvement plan in collaboration with public entities
would be the most impactful measure. This suggests strong support for
coordinated intervention between the community and the government
to implement signicant changes in the preservation of these cultural
elements (gure 7).
On the other hand, periodic training on the history and care of the
monument received a solid 23%, indicating that knowledge and historical
awareness play a crucial role in the community’s perception of heritage
conservation. Surprisingly, monthly community care and clean-up days,
although valuable, receive only 11%, highlighting that the population
considers other strategies to be more impactful. Recreational activities
that involve the tourists’ contribution are also valued, although to a
lesser extent, with 15%. Taken together, these results indicate the need
for a comprehensive approach combining community engagement,
education and collaboration with authorities to ensure the long-term
sustainability of monument conservation (gure 7).
Figure 7: Of the following actions, which do you consider would
have the greatest impact on the conservation and maintenance of these
monuments?
The optimal conservation and maintenance of monuments in Boyacá has
generated a signicant impact on the ow of tourists to the municipality,
evidencing how these historical sites have become a cultural attraction
for both national and international visitors. According to Gómez et al.
(2023) and Ruiz-Ballesteros (2022), community-based tourism has
been a sustainable alternative that promotes local development and the
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conservation of cultural and natural heritage.
In this context, monuments not only preserve their physical integrity,
but also contribute to creating a pleasant and authentic environment
that captures the imagination of tourists. The connection between the
history represented in these monuments and the identity of the place
translates into a signicant tourist attraction that enriches the visitors’
experience and fosters economic development and the promotion of
local identity.
Community participation in the conservation and recognition of
monuments strengthens the social fabric and generates a sense of
belonging and local pride, key aspects for improving the quality
of life in communities, as noted by Haverila et al. (2020). The
active involvement of residents in the planning and management of
tourism in their areas not only promotes authentic cultural exchange
between visitors and residents, but also generates employment and
entrepreneurship opportunities, diversifying the local economy and
reducing migration to urban areas (Haz et al., 2022). This active and
conscious participation not only promises to strengthen the physical
preservation of monuments, but also to generate a shared sense of
responsibility and pride, vital to ensure the continuity and appreciation
of these valuable heritage elements in Boyacá.
The actions with the greatest impact on the conservation and
maintenance of monuments focus on collaboration between public
bodies and the community. The joint construction of an improvement
plan, in partnership with government agencies, stands out as a key
strategy, as suggested by Dolezal and Novelli (2020).
This approach allows for a comprehensive management that
encompasses both physical and cultural aspects of the monuments,
ensuring their long-term preservation. In addition, conducting regular
training on the history and care of monuments contributes signicantly
to increasing community knowledge and awareness, generating a
sense of shared responsibility. These actions demonstrate that eective
monument conservation is best achieved through collaboration between
government agencies and the active participation of the community and
visitors.
CONCLUSIONS
The objective reveals a positive picture, considering that 93% of
respondents claim to know the most representative monuments in
their municipalities, indicating a high level of cultural awareness and
connection to local heritage. This knowledge is essential to encourage
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active participation in conservation eorts, as an informed public is
more likely to be involved in the preservation of their environment.
However, in terms of interest in participating in preservation activities,
33% of respondents expressed strong interest (score 5), followed by
27% with considerable interest (score 4). These results show a solid
basis for promoting conservation initiatives with signicant community
support. However, it is also important to consider the 7% who showed
a lack of interest, suggesting the need for awareness-raising strategies
to capture the attention of this group and increase their involvement.
The perception of the impact of the history of monuments on tourist
attractions is also revealing. A total of 33% of respondents consider that
the history represented by the monuments has a full impact on the inux
of tourists, which underlines the importance of these historical sites as
drivers of local tourism. However, the existence of divided opinions
reects the need to deepen the valorization of the historical heritage to
maximize its tourism potential.
Regarding the maintenance conditions of the monuments, 60% of the
respondents perceive deciencies, which points to a general concern
about current conservation. This data highlights the urgency of
implementing corrective measures to ensure the proper maintenance of
these sites and, therefore, their sustainability as tourist attractions. The
remaining 40% who are positive suggest that, although there is progress,
there is still work to be done to improve the general perception.
Finally, the most eective actions for the conservation and maintenance
of monuments include the construction of an improvement plan in
collaboration with public entities, supported by 51% of respondents.
Regular training on the history and care of monuments, supported
by 23%, also emerges as a key strategy. These results underline the
importance of collaborative management between the community and
authorities to ensure the preservation and strengthening of Boyacá’s
cultural heritage.
This type of research allows the identication of factors that motivate
or inhibit community participation, as well as best practices to foster
meaningful and sustainable engagement. For future lines of research,
it would be interesting to delve deeper into the long-term impact of
community involvement on monument conservation in Boyacá. One
could investigate how community involvement has aected the local
perception of monuments, as well as their role in the economic and
social development of the region. It would also be relevant to explore
how community tourism experiences can inuence cultural identity and
social cohesion in Boyacá.
DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors
have no declaration of conict of interest.
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AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT AND
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The contribution of each author is listed
using the CRediT Taxonomy below.
- Angie Lorena Salgado Moreno: Autora principal, Administración
del proyecto, Análisis formal, Conceptualización, Investigación,
Metodología, Resultados, Recursos, Redacción-borrador original,
Redacción-revisión y edición, Supervisión
- Luis Mauricio Bohórquez Patiño: Administración del proyecto,
Traducción, Análisis formal, Conceptualización, Investigación,
Metodología, Redacción-borrador original
- Jorge Alexander Mora Forero: Análisis formal, Conceptualización,
Investigación, Metodología, redacción-borrador, Redacción
documento nal, documento nal original.
STATEMENT OF ETHICS COMMITTEE APPROVAL: The
authors declare that the research was approved by the Ethics Committee
of the responsible institution insofar as the research involved human
subjects.
STATEMENT OF DATA AVAILABILITY: The authors declare that
the data used in the research carried out are available without access
restrictions for analysis by interested parties in the repository: https://
n9.cl/0bvnv1
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