AGOSTO, 2024 (107-127)Número 23
ECUADOR MAMA LLAKTAPI KICHWA
SHIMI HATUN YACHANA WASIKUNAMAN
YAYKUSHKAMANTA
IRRUPTION TO KICHWA LANGUAGE IN
ECUADORIAN UNIVERSITIES
IRRUPCIÓN DEL KICHWA EN LAS
UNIVERSIDADES DEL ECUADOR
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37135/chk.002.23.05
Artículo de Investigación
Recibido: (15/02/2024)
Aceptado: (30/03/2024)
1Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Carrera de Educación Inicial,
Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador, email: jillicachi@unach.edu.ec
2Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Carrera de Ciencias Sociales,
Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador, email: rramos@unach.edu.ec
3Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Carrera de Ciencias Sociales,
Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador, email: lgarces@unach.edu.ec
4Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Carrera de Educación Inicial,
Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador, email: zoila.roman@unach.edu.ec
Juan Illicachi Guzñay1,
Rómulo Arteño Ramos2,
Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri3,
Zoila Grimaneza Roman Proaño4
ECUADOR MAMA LLAKTAPI KICHWA SHIMI HATUN YACHANA WASIKUNAMAN YAYKUSHKAMANTA
Número 23 / AGOSTO, 2024 (107-127)
108
Kay killkashkaka imashinalla, Ecuador mama llaktapi, kichwa shimi hatun yachana wasikunaman yaykurishka-
mantami willan yuyachinpash; ashtawantakka, umanarichin yuyarichin ñanta katishpa; willanpashmi, imashinalla
kichwa shimi paypak kawsaypi kamishka, pakachishka karuyachishka kashka hatun yachana wasikunamanta, yanka
shimillami kan nishpa. Kichwa shimika achka watakunata pampachishka washaka; kunan pachapika, mama llakta-
pak kamachikpi, hatun yachana wasikunapipash chaskishkami kashka, yachanapak, kamukunapi killkanapak, ka-
mukunapi ñawirinapak, taripanapak, yachaykunapi rimanapakpish. Shinallatak, kichwa shimipakka hatun yachana
wasikunapi purinaka mana hawallachu kashka, mana shamuylla nishkakunachu, sinchi makanakuypimi purín. Kay
taripay katik ñanpika tawka killkashkakunatami hamutarka. Kay puchukay yuyaykunawanmi chayarka: a) imas-
hinami kichwa shimi maykan hatun yachana wasikunaman chayarka; b) Amawtay wasikunan, kichwa shimipak
chayanaka mana hawallachu kashka, sinchitami makanakushka; c) Hatun kamachikkunapi kichwa shimita tiyankimi
nikpipash, acha ruraykuna illanrakmi, ashtawan killkashpa, taripashpa katinakapak; d) kichwa shimika watan wa-
tankunata makanakunapakpash chimpapura rimanakunapakpishmi alli kashka.
SAPI SHIMIKUNA: Kichwa, amawta kamachik, hatun yachana wasikuna, taripaykuna
El texto se propone analizar la irrupción del kichwa en algunas universidades del Ecuador, mediante el paradigma
cualitativo; considerando que la lengua kichwa ha sido, históricamente, excluida de las academias bajo el concepto
de yanka shimi (lengua sin prestigio). Una lengua menospreciada por varios siglos; presentemente, tiene cabida en
la Constitución Política del Ecuador y en algunas universidades del país, ya sea como asignatura, publicaciones
en revistas cientícas, creación de posgrados de manera esporádica, cursos de capacitaciones en las universidad
públicas y privadas, publicaciones de libros y capítulos de libros. Por tanto, la operación del kichwa en los espacios
universitarios no se mueve en un campo pacíco, sino de disputa constante. El método de investigación utilizado fue
el hermenéutico debido a la interpretación multidisciplinaria de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Las conclusiones
relevantes sugieren: a) La emergencia del kichwa en algunas universidades del país; b) la irrupción del kichwa en
los espacios académicos no es un campo pacíco sino de lucha; c) no obstante el reconocimientos legal y acadé-
mico del idioma, aún queda muchas acciones concretas, por ejemplo, creación de programas de doctorados para
forjar investigaciones rigurosas y originales; d) el kichwa, históricamente, ha sido esgrimido como estrategia de
insurgencia, pero también de múltiples diálogos.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Kichwa, academia, universidades, investigaciones
The text proposes to analyze the irruption of Kichwa in some universities of Ecuador, through the qualitative para-
digm; considering that the Kichwa language has been historically excluded from the academies under the concept of
yanka shimi (language without prestige). A language underestimated for several centuries; currently, it has a place
in the Political Constitution of Ecuador and in some universities of the country, either as a subject, publications in
scientic journals, creation of postgraduate courses sporadically, training courses in public and private universi-
ties, publications of books and book chapters. Therefore, the operation of kichwa in university spaces does not move
in a peaceful eld, but in a eld of constant dispute. The research method used was hermeneutic due to the multidis-
ciplinary interpretation of primary and secondary sources. The relevant conclusions suggest: a) the emergence of
kichwa in some universities of the country; b) the irruption of kichwa in academic spaces is not a peaceful eld but a
eld of struggle; c) despite the legal and academic recognition of the language, there are still many concrete actions,
for example, the creation of doctoral programs to forge rigorous and original research; d) kichwa, historically, has
been wielded as a strategy of insurgency, but also of multiple dialogues.
KEYWORDS: Kichwa, academy, universities, research.
UCHILLACHISKA YUYAY
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT
ECUADOR MAMA LLAKTAPI KICHWA
SHIMI HATUN YACHANA WASIKUNAMAN
YAYKUSHKAMANTA
IRRUPTION TO KICHWA LANGUAGE IN
ECUADORIAN UNIVERSITIES
IRRUPCIÓN DEL KICHWA EN LAS
UNIVERSIDADES DEL ECUADOR
Juan Illicachi Guzñay, Rómulo Arteño Ramos, Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri, Zoila Grimaneza Roman Proaño
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722
109
KALLARI YUYAY
Kay killakyka, tawka yachachikunapak, ashka taripashkamantami
wacharin. Tukuy taripak mashikunami kichwa shimipak llaki tiyashka,
sinchiyashka, killkashka, rimashkakunata rikushpa killkashkakuna.
Shinallatak, shimi kawsaypurashpa katinkapakka wiñaykawsaymantami
mintalaypi yaykushka, chimpachishka kashka shinallatak ñawpa
yachay sami yachaykuna chikan chikan wankurikunaman yallichishka
kashka -amawta yachachikkuna, alliyachakkuna, apunchik kamakkuna,
kapaktukukkuna, llamkayta ñawpakman pushakkuna, kikinllaktamanta
alli yachakkuna- chikan chikan llamkaykunapi shinallatak ushaykunapi
llamkakkuna (Dietz & Álvarez, 2014). Nishun saruk wankurikuna
shinallatak sarurishkakunawanka yuyayñakarikunata, makanakuykunata
shinallatak chimpapuraykunata charishpa kawsamushka (Roseberry,
2007).
Shinaka, shimitaka mana ima pachapash chulunyachishkachu kashka
mana kashpaka tukuy, tukuytatakka mana wakichishkachu kashka,
uchilla ñankuna mana kashpaka manyakunata mashkakurkalla
aknanaykunapi, unanchaykunapi, takikunapi, lwaykunapipash
kushka mana kushka pachakunapi willashpa katinkapak. Shimiyay,
nishunlla, sinchikaypakka may alli karka. Ninchikmi, runakunaka
apamushka shimikunataka mana chaskinkunallachu shinapash llapik
ushaykunamanta shinallatak chimpuray rimaykunamanta llakikuna
shamushka.
Kayshukmantaka, Ecuadorpak apukyay mama kamachikpi
“Sumak kawsay” killkarik shimi, kichwata shimitapash; shinallatk,
mamakamachikpi churan kawsaypurapak shimikuna nishka shinallatak
yuyaypi sakinchik ñawpa shimikunaka runakuna kawsan llaktakunapi
runa llaktakuna rimana shimimi kan shinallatak killkakunata rikushpaka
shimiyachay hatariykuna tiyashka rikurin. Kamay ukullapitak
makanakuypi kan shinallatak payllatak chay tukuchun sakishkalla.
Chashnaka, llamkay ukupi ñukanchikllatakmi chayshina tukuchun
sakikunchik, yaykurichun sakishpa, paykunaman ushayta kushpapash.
Ñawpa iñupi willakushka shina, karkushka kashkata shinallatak
shimiyachayta kawsayllapikushkata mana pakasha ninchikchu,
shinapash kayshina harkay yuyaypi sakirishpaka kichwata rimakkunata,
killkakkunatapash mana ushayuk shinapi churakunchik. Kaytaka,
imamantatak sarukushkata shinallatak imashinatak kishpiriyta
mashkakushtaka tapurinami kan.
Imashina kishpiriykuna tiyamushkataka allimi rimanakuna kanka,
ashtawantaka shimiyachay shinallatak kapaktukuy ukumanta.
ECUADOR MAMA LLAKTAPI KICHWA SHIMI HATUN YACHANA WASIKUNAMAN YAYKUSHKAMANTA
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Kapaktukuy ukutaka sarushka wankurikunamantaka James Scott (2007)
nik shinaka tawka shina kishpiriyta mashkankapakmi kan mana imata
nikshinalla kawsashpa katinkapak. Católico apunchik kamaypimi mana
imata nik shinalla kishpirishpa katinkapakka rimashpa shamushkakuna.
Chaypimi apunchikman mañaypak kikin shimipi rimay tukurka, mana
pachakamakllaman mañankapak ashtawanka tukuykunapak iñiypi
yuyashpa (urkukunapi, warunrukkunapi, pakchakunapi sapiyarishka
iñiy tiyarka).
Karkushka shimika rimarinkapak pachakunata charirkalla, chaymantami
kay punchakunakaman kawsashpa katimun shinallatak shimiyachay
ukupi pichka patzak watakuna washapash kawsamunlla. Chaymi kan,
sinchikaywan rimaytaka mana sakishka shinallatak mana sakinkachu,
tukuykunapak ñawpakpi rinrinlla rimaypipash achkakunami
shutichinkuna. Yuyaypi charishpa, sinchikaywan shinallatak
sinchiyarishpa katinkapakka shimika Chimborazo runa krikkunapipish
tiyakun. Nishunman ishkantik apunchik kamaykunallapitak:
católicokunapi shinallatak krikkunapipash, kichwakunallatakmi
pushakunkuna.
Kichwata rimakkunaka yuyashpa, mashkashpa shinallatak wiñachishpa
katikunkuna shimita sinchiyachinkapak, nishunlla, apunchik kamay
ukupipi pachakuna tiyamushkami wiñachinkapak munachinkapakpash.
Kaykunaraykumi kayshuk iñukunapika runakay yachayta tapurisha
ninchik, shimi kawsashpa katinkapakka chayshina pachakunapi
atipashpa shamushkamanta.
YACHAYÑAN
Kay killakayka ishkay yachayñantami katishka: shuk, ashtawantakka,
tapushpa, rikushpami killkashka. Tapushka karikunata warmikunata
mana imakunami kankichik nishkachu ñawapa taripakkunashina,
astawampish kankunaka yachakkunami kankichik nishkam. Kankunapak
yachayta karawaychik nishakanchikmi. Imata rikukkta rikushpa
ruraktapish mana yanka rikupayashpa shuyakushkanchikllachu,
ashtawanpish yanapashkanchikmi.
Shinallatak, kay taripaykunapika, FLACSO, Universidad de Cuenca,
Ponticia Universidad Católica yachana wasipi yachakkunatami
tapurkakuna imashina, imalla yachashkamantami willankuna. Mana
shuk shinalla yachaychu tiyarka kay yachana wasikunapika: kichwa
shimimanta yachna tiyarka, taripaymanta yachana tiyarka, amawta
shina yachana tiyarka, yachachik tukunamanta yachachiy tiyarka,
nishpami willankuna.
Juan Illicachi Guzñay, Rómulo Arteño Ramos, Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri, Zoila Grimaneza Roman Proaño
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722
111
Kay yachaykunapika FLACSO, Universidad de Cuenca, Ponticia
Universidad Católica, DINEIB, CONAIE tantanakushkakunami
kamachikkunawan, kullkikunawan yanaparkakuna. Kashna shina
yanapaykunaka kunan pachapika ña mana tiyanchu, ashtawan
yanapay tiyashpachariy alli kanman nishpami kayta killkakunapish
ninchik. Taripashka mashikunapish chayllatatakmi yuyankuna. Kipa
wiñaykunapak kashna yachaykunaka mutsurintakmi.
Universidad Nacional de de Chimborazo yachana wasipipash kichwa
shimika yachana tiyanmi. shinllatak, Revista Chakiñan nishkapipash
kichwa shimipi killkaykuna tiyanmi. Maykan yachachikkunapish
yachakukkunapish kichwa shimita yachanataka mununkunami,
shinapish, tawka mana yachikkuna tiyashkamantaka waklli wakllillami
puririn.
Ishkay yachayñanpika kamukunata ñawirishpami hamutarkanchik.
Nishun, yachayñan hermenéutico nishkata hapishpami taripaykunata
rurarkanchik. Kamukunata ñawirishpa chimpapura rimanakuchirkanchik.
Maykan killkakkunaka kichwa shimika allimi nishkakunami, shuktak
killkakuna kichwa shimika yankallami nishkakunami. Shinapish
ñukanchik killkaypika kichwa shimi yachayka allimi nishkanchikmi,
achkata taripashpami kantina kanchik ninchikmi.
Kay taripaykunapika maykan yachana wasikuntak kichwa shimitaka
ñawpakman aparka, maykan ayllukunatak killkarka, ima watakunatak
kichwa shimika yachana wasikunaman yaykurirka, imashinatak
yachana wasikunapi kichwa shimika kawsakun nishpami taripashpa
killakanchik.
Tawka hatun yachana wasikunami kichwa shimita chaskishpa
charikunkuna, kunanka imashinachariy kawsanka, pichariy kamakkanka
ama kichwa shimita, kutin, yachana wasikunamanta llukshichispa
kachachun.
RIKUSHKA CHIMPAPURANAKUY
KICHWA AMAWTA KAMACHIKPI
Sumak Yachaywasikunapi imalla paktachishkakunatami kaypika
rikuchinchik. Daniel Mato mashipakka (2015) mayhanpash Sumak
Yachaywasikunaka imapak wiñarishkapak shinallatak europeokuna
yuyashkakunawan llamkankuna, afro mashikuna shinallatak
runallaktakunapak mañashkakunamanka mana kutichinchu.
ECUADOR MAMA LLAKTAPI KICHWA SHIMI HATUN YACHANA WASIKUNAMAN YAYKUSHKAMANTA
Número 23 / AGOSTO, 2024 (107-127)
112
Shinallatak, Universidad Ponticia Católica del Ecuadorka 1978
watapi, runapak kawsay purata, taripana ukutami wiñachirka. Ishki
Shimi Kawsaypurapak kallari pushak Luis Montaluisa mashimi kay
hatunyachayta chaskirka shinallatak runakunapak allichishka yachaypi
yacharka. Kullkita kushpa yachana ukupimi chayka tukushka mana
tukuykuna yaykuna kamay ukupika.
Montaluisa (2019) mashita tupashpa rimachishpaka nirka, PUCEpika
kichwa shimitami yachak kanchik, ashtawantakka payka yuyarinmi
mamallaktata pushak kamak Jaime Roldós Aguilera tukuykunapak
ñawpakpi rimarichunmi kichwapi killkashpa kuk kashka. Ashtawanpash,
asirishpa rikuchinmi, tukuykunapak ñawpakpi rimanataka mana
killkashkachu karka mamallaktata pushak munashka shina, paktaykuna
shinallatak wankurikuna imashina kanamanta yuyaykunawan,
“shimitatikrachik” munashka shinami killkashka karka, Luis Montaluisa
killka “Kichwapak kawsaymanta” kamupika nikun:
1970 watamanta pachami Universidad Católica del Ecuadorpak
Rimay shinallatak shimikunata yachay kamay wasipika
kichwata yachachishpa kallarirka. Shinapash hillaykuna
shinallatak yachahinapak killkakunapash illak chayarka. Dra.
Consuelo Yánez shinallatak Lcdo. Fausto Jara mashikunami
kayshuk runakunawan wankurishpa uyayrikukkunata rurashpa
kallarirkakuna. Kichwa killkakunata allichishpa kallarishpaka
mana ñawpa killkakuna shinallatak shimiyuk kamukuna
shinachu karka. Kay killkakunaka Americanistakunapak III
hatun tantanakuy La Paz – Bolivia, 1954 watapi wiñachishka
Alfabeto Fonético Internacionaltami katikurka. (Montaluisa,
2019, p. 115)
Kayta yuyaypi charina kanchik, 1954 watapak killkallikaka mana
killkanata yachakkuna killkachunmi shina churashka karka. Shinami
kichwa shimitaka mana killkanata yachakkunapak chay killkallikakunata
hapishpa killkana karka (Montaluisa, 2019). Chashnallatak, kaypika
rimanami kanchik PUCE yachana wasipikaka runa shimitaka mana
yacharkallachu shinallatak yachaypak taripayllatachu rurarka, kaypika
kikin runa wamprakunallatakmi yachaypak taripaypi wankurirkakuna,
chayshinami mana ushaykunata anchuchishpa shimiyachaytaka
paykunallatak mirachi kallarirka.
Pio Yautubg mashika, kay yachay hawa tuapukpika kashnami nin:
“PUCE hatun yachana wasipika runakunapakka, allimi yachana tiyarka,
lingüística nishka yachaymi tiyarka. Imashina killkanamanta, kichwa
shimita yachachinamantami pankakunata rurarkanchik. Conzuelo
Yánez yachachiktapish, mama yachachik ninmikarkanchik. Chaypimi
yacharkakuna mashi Luis Montaluisa shinallatak Luis Macas”
(Comunicación personal, diciembre 2023).
Yuyaypi charina kanchik, kay paktaymantaka mana kallari ishkay shimi
Juan Illicachi Guzñay, Rómulo Arteño Ramos, Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri, Zoila Grimaneza Roman Proaño
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722
113
kawsaypurapak yachachikkuna, markakunapak pushakkuna shinallatak
mamallaktapak pushakkunallachu llukshirka, ashtawanpash runa
wankurita pushakkunapash llukshirkakuna, 1990 watapi kallari runa
hatun hatarita rurakkuna; chaypimi rikunchik, Luis Macas mashimi
PUCEmanta llukshishka kan.
Chayshinallatakmi Universidad Estatal de Cuenca -kay killkata rurak
Sumak yachayta shinallatak katik hatun yachayta yachak- Lingüística
Andina Intercultural Bilingüe (LAIB) yachay uku wiñarichun
tankarka, kipaka Kawsaypura Yachaykunamanta yachay uku shutiwan
sakirirka; ishki yachay ukukunami Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la
Educaciónpi kimirishka karka. Kay yachay ukumanta Universidad de
Cuencapika, Ishkay Shimi kawsaypurapi Yachay Amawta shinallatak
Kawsaypurapak llankaypakpish Sumakyachay Hatunamawta
yachashkakunata llukchirka.
Kasikayta mashkashpa (PUSEIB-PAZ) Ishki Shimi Kawsaypuramanta
sumak yachay paktaykunaka ari nishka shinallatak paktachishkami
karka Mamallaktapi Ishki Shimi Kawsaypurawan, Consejo de
Desarrollo de la Nacionalidades y Pueblos del Ecuador (CODEMPE)
nishkawan, Cooperación Técnica Alema (GTZ)wan shinallatak
Universidad de Cuencawanpash, yachachikkunapak, yachay pushay
ukupi llankakkunapak shinallatak Ishki Shimi Kawsaypurapi
llankakkunapakpash.
Kayshina arininakushkakunawanka makipura paktachikushkatami
rikuchirka, shina DINEIBka Universidad de Cuencapi
yachakukkunataka killanta kullki hapinawan kay paktaypi llankachun
churarka (arininakushka killka, 2003). Kay paktaykunaka rurarinmi
-arininakushka killkata katishpa paktachishka kan- chaymanta yupashpa
rikukpika yachanawasikunapi allillankak yachachikkuna shinallatak
Ishki Shimi kawsaypuraman wankurishka chawpiyachaywasikunapi
tukuchishkakuna sumak yachaywasikunaman yaykuy tukushka
rikurin, paykunaka tawka shina yachaykunatami yachachik kanapak
yachaykunata katishka.
Roberto Guaman mashika Universidad de Cuenca hatun yachana wasipi
yachakka kashnami nin: “Universidad de Cuenca, DINEIB shinallatak
GTZ nishkakunaka tawka runakunata kullkiwan yanaparkakuna, kichwa
shimita ashtawan yacharinkapak. Kaypi yachakkuna, paykunpak
markakunaman tikrashpaka taripashpami katirkakuna, shinapish
maykankunaka imata mana rurashkakunachu, kichwa shimi hawaka”
(Exalumno Lingüística Andina, Universidad de Cuenca, comunicación
personal, enero 2024).
Kayshina paktachishkakunawan, kay paktaykunapi kichwa
taripaykunamanta rikuchinkapak, kunan rimakushkapi sakirinchik.
Hatunamawtay yachay llamkayñanpi I shinallatak II runa shimimanta
yachay rikurin; kayshukpika I shinallatak II mishu shimipi. Chashnallatak
ECUADOR MAMA LLAKTAPI KICHWA SHIMI HATUN YACHANA WASIKUNAMAN YAYKUSHKAMANTA
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licenciatura yachay llamkayñanpi I shinallatak II kichwa yachay
tiyan, chayshinallatak Kichwa shimiyachay, (LAEB) kallari paktaypi
yachashka runakunami chaytaka yachachinkuna mana kashpaka
ñahaman willashka paktaykunapi Ponticia Universidad Católica del
Ecuador yachanapi yachashkakuna markapi yachay ukupi llankakkuna.
Shinallatak, Michael A. Uzendoski & Carlos Alvarado Narváez (2022)
killkakkunapash, kichwa shimita taripana, rimanaka mana castellano
shinachu kan ninkunami. Chaymanta mana mishu shimipi yuyarishpa
kichwa shimipi killkanachu ninkunami.
Kay ruraykunaka runakuna yachachiypak, kawsaywallpakpak,
taripaypak shinallatak shimiyachaypak ashawan yachachun munaytami
charirka (Hernández, 2016). Kashkata nishpaka, yachaykunapak
kichwapi taripaykunataka mana rurashkakunachu; shinapash,
tawkakunami chikan chikan rimaykunamanta, kallushimimanta,
kichwapi, shuwarpi killkanamantaka taripashkakuna.
Kay paktaypika shuk yuyayka karkami yachachichun yachachina; nishun,
kay paktaykunapi shimimanta alli yachashpa llukshikkuna paykunapak
markakunapi shimiyachayta rurachina shinallatak mirachina karkakuna,
rikuchinkapak, yachay wiñarikunapi yachachishpa, yachachikkunapak
kamayman yaykunapak tapuy ruraykunapi wankurishpa, kamukunata
shinallatak killkakunata shimi tikrachita rurashpa, yachaykunata
rurashpa shinallatak ishki shimita yachashka mana yachashkata
rikushpa.
Kayshinaka, mana kay paktaykunapi yachashkakunallachu kayshina
amawta yachayta hapishpa llukshirkakuna, ashtawanka shimiyachaytaka
shimikunamanta, killkallikamanta, rimaymanta, kawsay shimiyachay
shinallatak uyarik yachaymanta allitak yachak amawtakunawanmi
tapurishka karka. Sergio Hernández (2016) yachakka kaytami nin:
Kayshukkunatapash yalli LAEB shinallatak PLEIBka,
Universidad de Cuencamanta kawsaypura yachay paktayta
sinchita llankashpa rurashpatak rikuchishkakuna, shinami
PLEIBka, chikan chikan llaktakunamanta kayshukkunatapash
yalli achka yachakkunatami charishka, yachaykunapakka
Técnico Pedagógico yachaywasikunami kashka. (p. 170)
May sumak rurashkata rikuchi tukunchikmi achkakunawan shinallatak
unay pachakunata llamkashpa; kayka nisha ninmi, wawan wawankunata
yachachishka, 1987 watamanta 2015 watakama, Ecuadorpak tawka runa
ayllusuyu shinallatak suyukawsay llaktakunawan, shinapash ashallaka,
ishkay shimi kawsaypurapi llankakkuna mishu yachachikkunapash
yachashkakuna.
ayshuk sumak llamkay paktaykunata rurakkunaka kashkami
Ecuadorpak Antropología de la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias
Sociales (FLACSO) nishkamanta, Runa Kaypi hamunchashka
Juan Illicachi Guzñay, Rómulo Arteño Ramos, Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri, Zoila Grimaneza Roman Proaño
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722
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taripak hatunamawtay Runapak Kawsaywankuriymanta yachay,
sumakyachayta tukuchishka runakunapak kashka, kimsa sinchi
kamakuywan kay yachaykunamanka yaykuchishka: yachay paktaykuna,
imallatak kawsaypi paktachishkakunata charin shinallatak chimpapura
rimanakuywan.
FLACSO yachana wasipi, shuk yachakka kashnami ni: “Ñukanchika
mana kichwa shimita, kichwa shimimanta yacharkanichu, ashtawankarin
imanshina taripanamanta, kamukunamanta killkanamantami
yacharkanchik. Kunan pachapika maykankunaka amawtaymi
tukushkakuna, alli killkakmi, allí ñawirikmi tukushkakuna” (Anónimo,
exalumno de la FLACSO, comunicación personal, noviembre 2024).
Fernando García (2008) watapi hatunamawtay yachaymanta rurashkata
willay mana kashpaka llamkaywillaypi nishka shinaka, paymi chay
pachakunaka chay paktayta pushakushka, 1999 watapi hatunamawtay
yachayka kallarishka. García (2008) ninmi, 54 yachayrikuchikwan
shuk watapi hamunchashka yachaypak karka shinallatak kipami
hatunamawtay yachaypak tiyarka.
Shuk kutinwan, kay killkata rurak shuk mashi, chay watakunapi
yachakushpa pay rikushkakunata killkashka killka rikurin. Kashkata
nishpa, Ecuadorpak chikan chikan suyukawsaymanta runakunapakmi
kay yachaykunaka karka shinapash Apya Yalamanta runa
alliyachakkunapakpashmi karka. “Abya-Yalamanta 50 alliyachak
runakunata yachaywan sinchiyachinkapakmi kay paktayka wiñarishka
karka, pushaykunapi, llamkay yuyaykunapi shinallatak llamkay ukupi
tiyarichunkuna, kikin kawsaywan, kullkikamay yuyaywan shinallatak
apuktukuy yuyaywanpash” (García, 2008, p. 1).
Kay paktayka Cooperación Técnica Belga shinalltak Fondo Indígena
para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de América Latina y el
Caribepak yanapaywan rurashka karka. Kaypi, kay hawa ashawan
achikyachinkapak, Fernando García ninmi (FLACSO) kamayuku
shinallatak kay paktayka ashtawanka mishu rimaywan llamkan. Runa
kawsaypak yachaykunawan shinallatak runakawsay yachaymanta
ñawiri tiyarka shinapash shuk kutinllapash kichwamanta yachaytaka
mana kurkakunachu mana kashpaka kayshuk runa shimikunamanta
yachaykunaka mana tiyarkachu.
Kichwa yachayta yachachinkapakka mana tiyarkallapishchu.
Kayshina willaykunawanka rikuy tukunchik imashinami karullakta
paktaykunapakka mana yuyankunallapishchu, ñawirinkapak akllashka
killkakunapipash, kichwaka yuyaypi mana churashkachu karka.
Kullkita kushpa yachana sumak yachaywasikunapi shinallatak
tukuykuna yaykuna yachaywasikunapipash, kay paktay kayshuk
paktaykunapash harkachikunawan shinallatak rimarishkakunawanpash,
achkatakmi tukuykuna rikuyta kawsaywallpakpi, kullkiyaykunapi,
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kawsaysinchiyariypi shinallatak kapakyaypika runakunata yanapashka,
chaymantatakmi chay yachayta tukuchik tawka kari warmikunami
kunanka kapakyay ukupi, yachayukupi, allita purichishpa wankuriy
ukupi kankuna.
Ashtawanpash kayshina yachaywanka yachaywichiyayta
charishkakuna shinallatak kayshuk saruk kawsaywallpakkuna imashina
yuyashkakunatapash riksichayashkakunami. Kaykuna shinallatak
kayshuk yachay kawsaykunapash mana killkanata yachakkunapash
killkana yachaypak yanapaymi kashka; kay llamkaypi, kullki mirayllapi
yuyaykkunapash kayshina paktaypakka allichishkakunami runakuna
kikinyariyta sinchiyachichun kikin kawsayta mana sakishpa mushuk
muskuykunata kutintak hatarichichun (Muratorio, 1982).
Karullakta kamaykunallatak, ashtawanka “wawchiyaywan”
llamkakkunami kashka, nishun Banco Mundial (BM), Banco
Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) mana kullkikunallawanchu
yanapashka ashtawanpash wan shinallatak pi yachay kapakyaykunapak
ñankunata rurashpa yanapashka.
Mana tukuytatak willashpa, kayllatapash, tapuykunata kutichinchik,
-chaypak katika Universidad Nacional de Chimborazopi runa
yachaykunamanta rurashkakunata rikunkapak- BM shinallatak BID
jishkami imatatak mashkan yachay kapakyaykunapi, Ishki Shimi
Kawsaypura Yachaykunapi shinallatak runa shimi yachaykunapi
wankurishpaka.
Fernando Garcés (2009), kay karullakta kamaykunapak
yuyaykunaka kullkiyayllapi yuyakkunamanta wiñaykawsaymanta
ama chikanyachishka katichunmi runakunataka kimichishpa shina
rurankuna; chaymanta, tziknishka kawsaymanta llukshinata mashkan
(nisha ninchik, ama chikanychishka katichun) tukuykunapak
kawsayman tantachik shina.
Ashtawan ukuman rikushpa rimashpaka, niyta ushanchikmi kay
karullakta kamaykunaka “tukuypimi paykunaka kashna nin ushayta
ama chinkachishpa wiñayta katinkapak; kay pachakunapi ushayta
ama chinkachinkapak kayman chayman puchka watarishka shinami
kankuna mana kashpaka paykunapak kimsa ushaykunata shukpi
tantachishkakuna kankuna” (Negri & Hardt, 2000, p. 289).
KICHWA, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE
CHIMBORAZO HATUN YACHANA WASIPI
Kay shutiwan yachay “Sumak Yachay wasipi kawsaypurata imashina
wiñachinamanta”, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH)
Juan Illicachi Guzñay, Rómulo Arteño Ramos, Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri, Zoila Grimaneza Roman Proaño
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722
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yachana wasipi chikan chikan yachaykunata yachachikkunapak
rurashka yachay. shinallatak Educación Continua ukumanta allichishka
yachayta, tukuy yachachikkunata pushakkunaka shimikunamanta
taripana ukupi kichwata yachaykunapi shinallatak taripanakunapi
tiyachunmi churarka shinallatak chaytaka ishkay shimi yachaytaripana
shutiwan churarka.
Kawsaypura shimikunamanta taripana ukuta wiñachina minishtika
tawkapura shinallatak chimpapura rimanakuykunamanta wiñarirka
kawsashkakunata rikushpa shinallatak yachachinapak taripankapakpash
paktalla yachaykuna tiyashkamanta chashnallatak pakchiyachaypi
ñawirishkakunamanta shunku yuyaykunata hapishpa.
Rikuchinkapak, hampikpak yachana ukumanta yachachikkunaka
nirkakunami kichwata rimakkunawan llankakkuna kanchik. Chaskina
pachapi, rikuna pachapi, imashina hampirina pachapi sinchi kan 99%
kichwata rimakkuna kashkamanta. Rimashpa mana kutichiy tiyanchu,
ashtawanka yuyakkunawan, chaymanta achkatak kichwata yachana
mutsurinchik, sumak yachaywasipi yachachikkuna shina ninkuna.
Kaypika willakunmi Universidad Nacional de Chimborazopak
(UNACH) rurashka sinchiyachik yachaykunapi llamkaywankurikuna
rimarishkakuna, 2017 watapak kusku killa; kay killkata rurakuk
shuk mashimi chay pakchiyachaytaka pusharka. Ni tukunchikmi
tukuy runa shimikunami llakichishka kashka kayshukkuna mana
uyanachishkamanta shinallatak kay kamupak killkakunapi rikuchishka
shinaka mamakamachikpi kachashka hawa kamay wasikunapi
washaman sakishkamanta.
UNACH yachana wasipak chikan chikan yachay patakunapika
kichwamanta yachaykunata rurashpa katimun, yachaykunawan,
pakchayachaykunawan, yachaykunapi killkachishpa shinallatak
taripaykunapak killkakunata rurachishpa:
Kichwamanta kallari yachaykunataka tawka kutin rurarishka mana
yachachikkunapak, yachakukkunapak, UNACH yachana wasipi
llankakkunapaklla, ashtawanka tukuy munakkunapakpash tiyashka.
Chashnapash, ashakunallami chayarkakuna, achkatak willachishka
hawa, chaywanka ni tukunchikmi mashikunaka ashalla minishtishkatami
rikuchin; yuyanchik, willachishka mana pakta karka; kullkichari kay
yachaypakka mana paktarka.
Kawsaypura yachay Pedagogía hatunamawtay yachayman
yaykunkapakka, kichwata shinallatak ingléstapash pakchayachay washa
yachashkata rikuchina kan. Kaytapash willana kani hatunamawtaypak
yachay rurashkataka kichwapimi Consejo de Educación Superior (CES)
man riksichirkani; pikuna, “alli ñawiwan” rikurkakuna pakchiyachayta
rurana Hatunamawtay yachayta rurasha nikkunapak. Kunankamaka,
ishki wiñaypatapi 59 yachakkunami sumakyachay washa yachashpa
katikkuna tiyashka. Jenny Granizo, Hatunamawtay yachayta pushak
ECUADOR MAMA LLAKTAPI KICHWA SHIMI HATUN YACHANA WASIKUNAMAN YAYKUSHKAMANTA
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nishka shinaka, shuk niki wiñaypatapika 29 yachakkunami tiyarka;
ishki nikipika 30 yachakukkuna.
Chakiñan Kamullaka amawta taripay killkakunata willachikmi kan –
Universidad Nacional de Chimborazopak, Ciencias de la Educación,
Humanas y Tecnologías yachay ukupi 2016 watapi wiñarishka- sapan
sukta killapi, mana sakirishpa washan washan willashpa katin. Kay
Kamullaka amawta taripakkuna alli nishkami kan, (peer-review)
kanllamanta yachayukkuna rikuchishka, (doble-blind review) mana
riksishkakunata rikuchishka, American Psychologican Asciation (APA)
kachashkakunata alli katishpa.
Chaki Ñan, Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades (ISSN-e 2550-6722)
Kamullaka chaskin shinallatak killkapankakunapi uchillayachishka
yuyayta kichwapi, ingléspi, mishurimaypipash willan. Ashtawanka,
kichwapi killkashkakunata wakin amawta taripaykunapak
killkakunataka ñami willashpa katishka.
Kayshina, kichwa llaktakunapak shimika, wiñaypachamanta
sumakyachaypi pakashka kashka washa, ushichin mana kashpaka
yaykuchin sumakyachaykunapak mana kashpaka amawta
taripakkunapak killkakuna shina.
Tawka tapuytami rurarkanchi, imatak nisha nin kay Revista Chakiñan,
imamantak kichwa shutita apan, shinapash willakkuna kashnami
ninkuna. Chakiñanka mana wawa ñankunallachu, ashtawanka
mashikunapurapi tinkirishpa willanakuymi kan, amawta yuyayta
charin, mashikunapurapi tinkirishpa awarik nisha ninmi.
Kamullapak shutitaka, imata mana nishpa, UNACHpak Consejo
Estudiantilpi allimi nirkakunalla. Kay shutita hapishkanchik kawsay
markata shinallatak mamallaktata alli nishpa, kaypi kawsakkunapak
shuti kashkamantapash. Ñukapakka mana allichu kanman karka
Kamullapak shutita ingléspi churana. Kunankamaka kimsa amawta
taripaykunapak killkakunata churashkanchik, shinapash mana tawka
amawta taripaykunapak killkakunachu tiyan.
Shuk shimi kawsaypi sapiyarinata mashkashpaka chikan chikan
ñankunapi paktashpa katina kan chaypimi shuk ñanka amawtay yuyayta
charina kan. Ashtawan, yuyarimi amawta taripaykunapak killkakunata
ñawirishpa shinallatak kamakuyta rurankapak wakin harkaykuna
tiyashkata chaymanta iñinmi kichwa killkaka manarak shuklla shina
killkanchik shinallatak kay llakita allichinkapakka sumak yachaywasipi
kichwakunapak amawta yuyay yachayta wiñachina allimi kanka.
Imamantatak mana kichwa Kamullata ruranchik, chashnapash sumak
yachaywasipika kichwakuna mishukuna shina mana achkakunachu
tiyan. Shinaka, amawta taripaykunapak kichwa killkakunata mana
achka chaskikrikta yachanchikmi. Kawsaywallpakmanta yachaykunata
wiñachina mutsurinchik kichwamanta alli yachashkakuna ashawan
tiyachun.
Juan Illicachi Guzñay, Rómulo Arteño Ramos, Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri, Zoila Grimaneza Roman Proaño
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722
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Educación, Humanas y Tecnologíaspak Educación Parvularia
e Inicial yachayka kichwata yachachinkapak killka ukupi ñami
kimsa patayachaypak charin (shuk niki, ishkay niki shinallatak
kimsa niki shuktakilla yachay). Shinapish, Kuymi Tambaco &
Simeon Floyd (2022), amawtakunaka, kashnami ninkuna: kichwa
shimita yachachinaka, maykan Abya Yalapi kawsak runakunapak
shimikutapash yachachinapakka mana mandarín, inglés shimikunata
yachachikshinachu yachachina. Shuktak paktachikuna, shuktak
pukllaykuna, shuktak imakunatami mutsurinchik. Chaymantami,
kichwa shimita yachachinkapakka kichwa runakunpak kawsaymanta
yuyayllamantatak hapishpa yachachina kanchik, ashtawankarin, kipa
wiñak wanrakuna, karikashpa warmikashpa.
Kay kamuka, ashaka, kay mañayta kutichinkapakmi rurashka kan.
Mushukyachina yuyaywanka mañanchikmanmi kayshuk yachaykunapi
shinallatak yachana kamaykunapipash kichwata churachun, shinallatak
kichwa shimi sumak yachayta tukuchinkapak shinallatak chaypak washa
hatunyachaypipash yachankapak tiyachun, imashinami Méxicopak
wakin sumak yachaywasikunapi churashkakuna, chashnapash kayta
paktachinkapakka wakin llakichik yuyaykunatarakmi pakishpa
anchuchina kanka, llamkay ukupak kamachikta shinallatak tantariy
kamachiktapash mushukyachina kanka, ashtawanka, sumak
yachaywasipi tiyak mashikunapak yuyaykunapimi mushukyachina
mutsurinka.
Chashnaka, sumak yachaywasikunaka kanllamanta runakunata
chikan chikan kawsaykunata llakichik yuyaykunata pakinmanmi
shinallatak shimikunata chikanyachishpa kawsaywallpayta mana
allikachikkunataka urmachinmanmi (Fuller, 2002).
Ashtawanpash, ñukanchikpa mamallaktamanta sumakyachay
wasikunaka yachakukkunapak, mushuk “kawsaypura yachayllamkayta”
wiñachina yuyayta charinami kankuna, paykunami minchakunapika
chikan chikan wiñaykawsay shimikunata.
shinallatak kawsaywallpakta chimpapurachishpa shinallatak
tikrachishpa kankakuna -ñukanchikpa mamallaktapak paktakay
llamkaykunapi shimitikrachik tukushpa, mamayachakkunawan
shinallatak tukuykunapak allikay llamkaykunawan chimpapurachiypi,
runa ayllullaktakunapi yachachikkuna tukushpa, llakta wiñariypi
wankurishpa- chay tukuypi, kayshina sinchi shinallatak sami
kawsaykunata minchakunapi chimpapura rimaykuna tiyachun
yachachikkunata yachachina munaywan (Dietz & Álvarez, 2014).
Gunther Dietzwan shinallatak Aurora Álvarezwan (2014)
ishkantikkunaka Universidad Veracruzana Intercultural (UVI) yachana
wasipak llamkaykunata katishpa kawsaypurata wiñachinkapakka “runa
wiñachishka shimikunawan” kallarina kan nin, -Ecuador, Chimborazoka
chikan chikan runallaktakunapi sami kawsayshimikunatami charin-,
ñawpa ishkay shimi nishka runakunatapash yallimi sapikawsaykunata
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charin shinallatak ima tiyashkawan mana chimpapurashpallachu sakirin,
ashtawanpash sayay shimikunawan shinallatak sami kawsaywallpakwan
chimpapurachishpa rimachiyta ushan.
Kay runa wiñachishka shimikunapak yuyaykunataka UVIpak yachay
paktaytapi tukuyta “shimi tawkayachinata” mana mashkakunchu
-ñukanchikka Universidad Nacional de Chimborazomanta rimakunchik-
shinallatak, ashtawanka alli rimanakuykunapi sinchiyachinatami
mashkan shinallatak yachakukkunapak, yachachikkunapakpash
punllanta llamkaypi “shimitikrachi” tiyachun.
Kay rimanakuykunamanta shinallatak yuyaychuraykunamanta karupi
mana kashpaka kuchupi, kashkata nishpaka kichwa shimi mana
kashpaka mayhan runa shimikunapash ñakakun, sinchita chimpapurakun
shinallatak kawsaypurakun, chaytaka kati iñupi willanchik. Wakinpika,
kichwaka utkash rimana shimimi kan -sumakyachaykunapi- “illakmanta
kaypikayman tikrachina” yuyaywan (De Sousa, 2008, p. 91).
SHIMIYACHAYPAK KAWSAYLLAPIK
Ñawpakawsaymanta pacha, kichwaka manyayachishkami kashka,
kikin llaktallapi shinallatak runakunalla rimashka; shinapash rimak
tukushpaka sarunkapak shinallatak chikan chikan llamkaykunapi,
kuskakunapi imata rikurayankapakllami kashka, nishpalla, católico
kamaykuna chashna kan. Allpayuk amukuna mana kashpaka chay
llaktapak apukunaka kichwata rimakkuna kashkami tukuytatak
riksichayana munaywan; shina, uray runakuna pakalla rimarishkakunata
hamutankapak, kaykunaka, pakalla rimanakuykuna kakpipash
tukuykunaman uyarinllatakmi (Scott, 2007).
Kayshina yuyaykunaka tukuy pachapi kawsay
mushukyarimukushkamantami shamun. Kayshina mushukyarika
shamunmi Europa llakta tukuy allpapachapak wiñaykawsay
shunku tukushkamanta, chaypika kamaykuna, llaktawakichikkuna,
shimiyachaykuna, ñawpayachaykuna, amawtakuna, kayshukkunapash
tiyan (Garcés, 2009). Kaykunamanta ashtawan achikyachinkapakka,
Fernando Garcés nishkata hapin:
Shinallatak kayka Apya Yalapi atipay tiyashkamantami
kallarin. Kaywanka ninchik, Españatami rikuchina kanchik
mushukyachishpa kallarichishkata ashtawanpash shuk niki
“mushukyari” mitatami kallarichirka: tukuy pachapi katuyrantiy.
Kay mushukyarishka Europaka, tukuy allpapachapak
wiñaykawsay shunku, tukuy kawsaywallpaktami shuk niki
kutinpi manyaman churan, kanllaman shina. (Garcés, 2009, p.
9)
Juan Illicachi Guzñay, Rómulo Arteño Ramos, Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri, Zoila Grimaneza Roman Proaño
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Kayshina manyayachishkamantaka runa shimikunapash mana
kanllaman sakirinchu shinallatakmi chikanyachishpa churashkakuna
runa shimikunata yankanchinkapak tzikninkapakpash. Kaypimi
shimiyachaypak tzikninamanta “llumpa yawar” rimaykuna kawsayllapik
shinami kayka purin runallaktakunata wañuchinaywan llakihishpa.
“Llumpa yawar” manta rimay Península Ibéricapi XV tukuri
watakunapi ñami tiyarka. Kayshina rimaykunaka colon pachakunapi
católico kamaykunamanta musulmankunapak, judíokunapakpish
kawsayllapikmi karka, Península Ibéricapi musulmankunapak kapak
ushayta wakllichina yuyaywan.
Kay runallaktakunaka apunchikta katikkunapak pushakkunapakka
mana runashinachu karka, apunchik kamayta mana charishkamanta;
chaymanta, kay runallaktakunapak shimikunaka mana runashimi
shinachu karka.
Mana runashimi nishkachu karka, mana kawsak nishkakunapak shimi
mana kashpaka mana runakunachu kanka nishkakunapak shimi.
Runakunaka runakawsaymanta wiwakawsayman karkushkami karka,
chayshinallatakmi shimikunapash llakita aparka. Wiwakawsaypimi
kichwa shimika kawsaypurarka.
Kay yuyachikunawanka, ninami kanchik, Colón mashi Atlántico hatun
kuchata tawka killakunata wampushpa shamushpaka kallaripi paypak
killkana kamupika killkashkallami indiapak llaktakunami yuyashpa.
“Yuyarishun Colon India llaktaman chayamushkata krishpa wañurka”
(Grosfoguel, 2012, p. 89).
Paykunaka tukuykunami mama wachashka shina lluchulla
purinkuna… Shinallatak ñukaka krirkani, krinipash watashpa
pushanaman alli allpakunamantami shamunkuna. Paykunaka
alli llankakkunami shinallatak allihamuktaykunami kanka, ñuka
nishkakunata imatapash hawalla ninkuna. Shinallatak krinimi
utkashpa krikkuna tukunka. (Grosfoguel, 2012, p. 89)
Colón willashka killkaka, católica castellana pachakunapak
apukunapakka may sumak willaymi rikurirka, paykunapak kamachik,
Kamay, apunchik kamay, kikinyari, shimita churashpa pushayta
kallarinkapak. Católico apukunami shukka karka. Rimaykuna
shinallatak ruraykunaka patzak watakunami sakirishka, kayshina paktay
kallarishkamanta pachaka ashataka shuktakyamushka shinallatak
“allichirimushkami”.
Apya Yalamanta llaktawakichikkunawan, shimiyachaywan shinallatak
apunchik kamaywan atipakpika tukuy runallakta tantarishkakunata
runawañuchiyman apashka. Runakunata tukuytawañuchiy,
tantarishka runawañuchiy, shimiwañuchiyka, apunchik kamayta mana
charinkunachu Colón nishkamantami shina tukushka, mana runakuna
llakta nishpa.
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Runakuna, shimikunapash chinkachishka mana kashpaka pampashka
kay tukurkallami, chaymanta chay pachapak apunchikpi iñikkunapak
umapika karkami Pachakamakpak rikukuyta mana runakuna
nishkakunataka wañuchina, saruna mana kashpaka yanakuna shina
charina mana huchachu karka.
Coloniapi, kawsayllapik llamkarkami, kallaripika, apunchik kamaypak
yuyaykunawan chikan chikan churashkamanta. Fray Domingo de
Santo Tomás parlashkapi, nishunlla, runakunataka kayshina akllashpa
churankuna: ñukanchik cristianokuna kankuna runa indiowan
chimpapurachishpa, yanakuna, Méxicomanta runakuna, sachapi
kawsak runakuna (Garcés, 2009).
Shinaka, Católico kamayta pushakkuna runakunata shinallatak
shimikunata wañuchichunlla allimi nirkakuna. Chayka, shimita
kawsayllapikka shuk pachapi, runakuna, llaktakunapash kallarichishka,
shinallatak chay ñanka kunankama sapiyarishkami sakirishka, Antonio
Negri y Michel Hardt (2000) nishka shina.
Negri shinallatak Hardt (2000) ninkunami, kapaktukukkuna,
willachik antakuna shinallatak ñawpakawsaytaripakkunapash ninkuna
kay mushuk watakunapika ñami kawsayllapikka ashallayashpa
katishka: yanakunapak puchukay makanakuymanta coloniawan
chimpapurashkakaman shinallatak tukuykunapak hayñikunamanta
kaparikkunakaman.
Negri shinallatak Hardt (2000) mana nikunchu wakin kawsayllapikkuna
mana urmarikunchu nishpa shinallatak ñukanchikpash rurana munayta
charinchikman -wakin runakuna shinallatak kamaywasikuna kayshina
yuyaypi ña urmashkakunallatak- Sudáfricapak runakunata karkuk
kamachikkuna ñami chinkachiyta kallarishka mana kashpaka nishun ñami
kaykamalla nirka runakunata karkuk kamachikkunata. Kawsayllapik
runakunaka chinkarishkakunami shinapash kawsayllapikka katinlla
shinallatak wiñaysapi tukushka.
Kay tukuyta rikushpaka ñukanchikka mana yankamanta niy
tukunchikchu kawsayllapikka ñami tukurishka kan nishpa, chashnapash
kichwa yachay sumak yachaywasikunapi churashka (yachaykuna)
kapakyay (rimarishka) apunchik kamay (apunchikpa shimikunata
shimitikrachi), kayshukkunapash tiyamushkami.
Kayshina kawsayllapik ña mana tiyanchu nishpa pakalla purikushpa
mana kashpaka tukuykunaman riksichayachikushpapash shimiyachay
kawsayllapikta mirachishpa katikushun. Negri y Hardt (2000)
shimikunata allimanta rikushpaka kaytami ninchik, kay mushuk
pachakunapika mana washaman rishkachu, ashtawanpash, kaymi
tukushka, achka pachakunawan shinallatak achka yachaykunawan
ñawpakmanmi purishka. Wakinpika paktaykunata llamkaykunata
mushukyachishkamantalla ashallayashka rikurik shinami kan.
Kunanka, kawsayllapikka rikunalla mana rikunallapash ishkantik
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CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722
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pakta purishpami katikun (shimiyachay, apunchik kamay, kapakyay,
kamachik); chaymanta, “alli rikushpami katina kanchik imashina
kawsayllapikpak hatun yuyaykunata riksinkapak ashtawan sinchimi
tukumun” (Negri & Hardt 2000, p. 181).
Shimikunata rikuna, tukuykunata chaskina punkupi wakin rimaykuna;
kapaktukukkuna tukuykunapak ñawpakpi rimaykuna mana nisha ninchu
shimiyachay kawsayllapik ashallayashka. Kaykunataka hamuktay
tukunchik ñukanchikllatakmi chayshina tukuchun sakikunchik,
yaykurichun sakishpa mana kashpaka paykunaman ushayta kushpa.
Hatunllakichikkunaka ña mana harkachikunchu, shukpaklla
churakun, ñawpakuna shina karkukun, ashtawanpash,
chaskikunkuna, kawsayllapikka kunanka kuyaywan rikurin shinapash
kawsayllapikllatakmi kan.
Shimiyachay kawsayllapik mana imata nikshina wakin llamkaykunapi
muyukushpapash, nishunlla, wakin kayta ninkachari: “cristianopi
rimay, mana hamutanichu” “kichwaka imapaktak kampakka alli
kan mana kashpaka imapaktak ñukanchikpakka kichwaka alli kan”
“kichwata yachanaka yankami kan, inglésta yachachun shiminchini”.
Kayshinamanta kichwa shimika kaykaman rimayllawan katikun,
yupashka wakin shimiyukkamukuna shinallatak rimaychaykuna,
kayshuk killkashkakunapash tiyamushka ashtawanka apunchik
kamaymanta; ashakunallami kichwa killkakunaka (Montaluisa, 2019).
Kaykunaka, ñawshalay layami kan, shimita shinallatak runakunatapash
uchillayachishpa muyun, pitak krin charinata (rimay shinallatak killka)
shuk mana kashpaka tawka saruk shimikuna (inglés, español, francés)
shimikunata yachachinkapak llamkaypaktachiyta, hawaykawsayta,
yachachiyta shinallatak runayachiyta charinkunaman.
Kay iñupi, ashtawanpash, kay tapuykunata tukuchikrinchik imatatak
shimiyachay kawsayllapikka kan, imatatak shimiyachay kawsayllapikka
awllin. Michel Foucault (1996); francés amawtapakka kaymi kan;
shuk nikipika, shinami kan, kawsaypi imatatak ruranata yachashpa
paypak atiypak hapirka, chikanyachina yuyayta yaykuchishpa,
yacharin mayhantak kawsashpa katinka mayhantak wañuyman
rinka, shimiyachaymanta rimakpika ninchikmanmi, mayhan shimika
kawsanka shinallatak mayhanka wañunka.
Shina, shimikunaka shukkunaka hatun kayshukkuna uchillakuna
nishka sakirin, shimipurapi chikanyay tiyan, shuk shimikunaka allikuna
kayshukkunaka yankakuna nishka sakirin. Yuyayta tantachishpa,
Foucault yachakpak (2013): yuyaykunata katishpaka, a) kawsayllapikka
imashinami ukunkawsayta chinkayachinchik chayshinami kan; b) shuk
niki paktayka chawpina, hankashpa churana shinallatak chikanyachina
imashinami ukunkawsayta wiñaypak katichun hatun ushayta kukshina.
Shuktak manyamanta rikushpa, kawsayllapikpak awllika,
ashtawanpash, alli rurakushka shina paktachishpa katichunlla yuyay:
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“Mashnata wañuchishpa, wañuchinki, wañuchun sakinki, ashtawan,
chaymantatakmi kawsanki” (Foucault, 1996, p. 206).
“Kayshuk” shimipak wañuy, “millay” shimipak wañuy, yanka shimi
wañuymi saruk shimikuna, “alli” nishka shimikuna, ashtawan chuya,
ima mapawanpash mana chakrurishka. Shinapash kay nishka hawanpika,
kawsay kamaypi uchillakuna tiyan. Kawsayllapikpi kawsayllapita
chimpapurakkuna tiyan. Shinaka kaypak katika taripanchik imashina
wiñaykwsaymanta tukuy shina kawsayllapikkunawan sinchiyaykuna
tiyashka, shimikawsaypak sinchiyaymanta rimashpa.
TUKURIPIY CHURASHKA YUYAYKUNA
Kichwa shimika, ñawpa pachakunamanta achkatami rimashka,
kamishkapish kashka mana alli shimi nishka, yanka shimi nishka,
wakchakunapak shimi nishka; tukukuyla tukuyshina rimaypipasha
killkaypipash. Llaktakunapi, marakunapi kichwa shimita rimakpika
supaypak rimaypish nishkakunami. Chaymantami, kunan pachakunaka
mana hawalla killnalla rimanallapish kashka. Kichwa shimitaka
wañuchisha nishkakunami.
Shinapish, runakuna manatak kichwa shimitaka pampanchishkakunachu,
mashnata kamikukpipash, mashnata rimakukpipash imalaya
tukushpapish kawsachiskakunami. Wasipi pakalami rimashkakauna,
kishpiripipash kichwa shimipimi rimashkakuna, makanakuypipash
manatak kunkarishkakunachu. Maykan mishukunaka kichwa shimita
rimakkunami kashka, nishun Luis Cordero, killkarka sumak arawita:
Rinimi llakta nishkata (Ortiz, 2001). Kunanpachakunaka wakashpami
arawinchik.
Kay pachakunapika kichwa shimika kawsarimuklayami kashka. Hatun
yachana wasikunapi, uchilla yachana wasikunapi, chawpi yachana
wasikunapi killkaykuna, rimakuna yachaykunpaish uyarimunmi. Hatun
kamachikkunapi, uchilla kamachikkuna kichwa shimika alli nishkami
ñawirin. Runakunapak tantanakuykunapi, yachana wasikunapi
kichwa shimika shinchimi uyarimun. Kunan pachapika ña mana
pinkaytukunchikchu ñaypa pacha shina. Shinapash achka yachanakuna
taripanakuna wakllillami kan. Kichwapi amawtakunata mutsurinchikmi,
chaypak hatun yachana wasikunami paktay taripaykunata churana kan.
Tukuchinkapak, hatun yachana wasishinami tiyana kan. Kamachikkuna
nishkakunata paktachikunchu mana paktachikunchu. Kichwa shimita
taripankapak kullkitapis kunami kan, kullki illakpika imashinatak
taripaykuna rurarinka, killkaykuna rurarinka, chimpapura rimanakuy
Juan Illicachi Guzñay, Rómulo Arteño Ramos, Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri, Zoila Grimaneza Roman Proaño
CHAKIÑAN. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades / ISSN 2550 - 6722
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rurarinka. Pushakkuna, apukunami wankurinakanchik kichwa shimita
sinchiyachinkapak. Kaypi killkakuna mañapanchikmi, kichwa shimi
yachayta rimayta sinchiyachishunchik (García, 2008).
DECLARACIÓN DE CONFLICTOS DE INTERESES: Los autores
declaran no tener conictos de interés.
DECLARACIÓN DE CONTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS AUTORES Y
AGRADECIMIENTOS: A continuación, se menciona la contribucion
de cada autor, en correspondencia con su participación:
- Juan Illicachi Guzñay: Autor principal, Conceptualización, Análisis
forma, Investigación, Metodología, Administración del proyecto,
Recursos, Validación, Visualización, Redación-borrador Original,
Redación-Revisión y edición.
- Rómulo Arteño Ramos: Conceptualización, Análisis forma,
Investigación, Metodología, Administración del proyecto,
Recursos, Validación, Visualización, Redación-borrador Original,
Redación-Revisión y edición.
- Lenin Miguel Garces Viteri y Conceptualización, Análisis formal,
Metodogía, Redacción-revisión y edición.
- Zoila Grimanezaa Román Proaño: Conceptualización, Análisis
formal, Metodogía, Redacción-revisión y edición.
Los autores/as agradecen el apoyo birndado por los colegas profesionales
y amigos, en la revisión y crítica del modelo propuesto, aunque ellos no
son responsables de los contenidos del presente artículo.
DECLARACIÓN DE APROBACIÓN DEL COMITÉ DE ÉTICA:
Los autores declaran que la investigación fue aprobada por el Comité
de Ética de la institución responsable, en tanto la misma implicó a seres
humanos.
ECUADOR MAMA LLAKTAPI KICHWA SHIMI HATUN YACHANA WASIKUNAMAN YAYKUSHKAMANTA
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