AGOSTO, 2024 (199-223)Número 23
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY:
BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC
PRODUCTION IN THE FIRST TWO
DECADES OF THE 21ST CENTURY
RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL CORPORATIVA:
ANÁLISIS BIBLIOMÉTRICO DE LA
PRODUCCIÓN CIENTÍFICA EN LAS DOS
PRIMERAS DÉCADAS DEL SIGLO XXI
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37135/chk.002.23.09
Artículo de Investigación
Recibido: (17/12/2023)
Aceptado: (30/03/2024)
1Doctor at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro and in the
Graduate Program in Territorial Development and Public Policy -PPGDT,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, e-mail: marcioborges@ufrrj.br
2Scholarship holder at the Federal Institute of Education, Science
and Technology of Rio de Janeiro in the Master’s Degree in Regional
Development and Production Systems, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, e-mail:
luana_oliveira_santos@hotmail.com
Marcio Silva Borges1,
Luana de Oliveira Santos2
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION IN THE
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CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY:
BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC
PRODUCTION IN THE FIRST TWO DECADES
OF THE 21ST CENTURY
RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL CORPORATIVA:
ANÁLISIS BIBLIOMÉTRICO DE LA
PRODUCCIÓN CIENTÍFICA EN LAS DOS
PRIMERAS DÉCADAS DEL SIGLO XXI
ABSTRACT
This study aims to conduct a bibliometric research on the evolution of scientic production
in the eld of corporate social responsibility (CSR) with a time frame from 2000 to 2023
in the Scopus database, identifying the main publications, authors, and relevance of the
topic, thus contributing to the theoretical development of CSR in Brazil and Latin America.
The bibliometric review used an of the quantitative approach with a descriptive scope by
analyzing and mapping the scientic production on CSR through a descriptive analysis of
the main publications on the topic. The research universe comprised all publications indexed
in the Scopus database in the period from 2000 to 2023, which constituted the amount of
19,171 articles. This research contributes to expanding the studies on CSR, which is still in
the process of development in Latin America and Brazil, where further studies on CSR are
needed. The analysis results show an increase from 68 articles in 2000 to 2,432 articles in
2023.
KEYWORDS: Corporate social responsibility. bibliometric analysis. Scopus database,
scientic production, 21ST century
RESUMEN
Este estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una investigación bibliométrica sobre la evolución
de la producción cientíca en el campo de la responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) en la
base de datos Scopus entre los años 2000 y 2023, identicando las principales publicaciones,
autores y relevancia de temas que contribuyen al desarrollo teórico de la RSE en Brasil y
América Latina. La investigación bibliométrica utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo con alcance
descriptivo, analizando y mapeando la producción cientíca sobre RSE a través de un
análisis descriptivo de las principales publicaciones sobre el tema. El universo de artículos
para análisis, estuvo constituido por todas las publicaciones indexadas en la base de datos
Scopus en el período de 2000 a 2023, lo que constituyó la cantidad de 19.172 artículos.
Esta investigación contribuye a ampliar los estudios sobre RSE, que aún está en proceso
de desarrollo en América Latina y Brasil, donde se necesitan más estudios sobre RSE. Los
resultados del análisis muestran un incremento, de 68 artículos en el año 2000 a 2.432
artículos en 2023.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Responsabilidad social empresarial, análisis bibliométrico, base
Scopus, producción cientíca, siglo XXI
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INTRODUCTION
Back in the 1960s, Biologist Rachel Carson published the book “Silent
Spring” (1962), which warned about dangers the indiscriminate use
of synthetic chemical pesticides and insecticides in the USA, and
about how harming it was for the environment. Silent Spring was a
milestone for the environmental movement, because its author claimed
not just for the end of pesticide using, but for the need of having a
new philosophy for science. There was the urgency of reecting about
the relationship between man and nature. The book shines light on a
signicant environmental issue and turns topics like these into public
interest, it gets to warn about and calls the attention of public opinion to
the environment (Carson, 2013).
The restlessness produced by nuclear precipitation eects, by
warnings in Silent Spring and by a series of environmental
hazardous events led to changes in thoughts and behaviors
that have resulted in a new environmentalism, which has
well dened and conscious of goals and demands of their
political dimension; it gained power and called attention to the
devastating consequences that could be caused by unlimited
growth, as well as became a public concern and turned into a
real Environmentalist Revolution. (Ferreira, 2008, p. 22)
After the Silent Spring milestone, there were other events recorded in
history, such as the Rome Club, in 1968; Greenpeace, in 1971; The
Stockholm Conference, in 1972; The First Green Party, in 1983; the
Brundtland Report, 1987; The Global Forum of NGOs, in 1992; Eco
92, Rio + 5, in 1997; Rio + 2002 (Ferreira, 2008) and Rio + 20, in 2012.
Meetings held by the United Nations – UN – increased the concern
with environmental issues. The First Conference on the Environment,
whose goal was to make society aware of this problem, stood out for
addressing human actions that were degrading the plant and causing a
whole series of destructions that could compromise future generations.
The “Brundtland Report” advocated for wealth distribution as way
to achieve global development among divergent positions, between
rich and power countries. It was the rst document applying the term
sustainable development, which aims at fullling nowadays needs
without compromising future generations (Pimenta and Nardelli, 2015).
The idea of corporate social responsibility emerged from the principle
that companies are responsible for several problems that have impact on
society. Therefore, they have the conditions and the duty to contribute
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to an even development. Accordingly, actions taken by companies
through their techniques and resources to reach their material goals can
also contribute to solve social issues (Tomei, 1984).
According to Meda (2013) Socially responsible companies, on
average, are more creative and safer, they can count on support
from the community, on consumers and on investors’ preference, on
employees’ enthusiasm and commitment; they do not accumulate labor,
environmental, legal and ethical liabilities.
The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) movement gathers political
eorts, so companies can be tuned on public and social needs, and seek
corporative governance as the support for organizations to deal with
employees, consumers and community as they deal with stakeholders.
As time went by, it became a priority for nowadays society, since
it opened room for greater expectation about the social role to be
played by businesspersons. This process turns issues related to social
responsibility into the target of organizations, given its impact on
companies’ economic value (Puppim, 2013).
Back in the 1990s, businessman Stephan Schmidheiny published the
book “Changing Course, A Global Business Perspective on Development
and the Environment” (1992), which shows that businessmen could also
focus their business strategies on this development type, rather than just
on favoring the economic side; they should take the environment into
account, as well.
The world scenario is marked by great changes in the planet’s
sustainability. Thus, it is impossible to refute the need of having
business consciousness. The unstopping changes imposed by society
demand attitude by organizations and by their managers, be them public
or private. They are now pressured by impacts caused by their activities
on the environment.
On the one hand, there is growing environmental concern and, on
the other hand, there are organizations adopting new strategies to
boost nancial growth. Simultaneously, they can embody the social
responsibility linked to their activity. It is clear that Corporate Social
Responsibility has evolved due to its impact on society as a whole, but
how is this evolution happening?
The overall aims of the present study were to analyze scientic
production evolution in the Corporate Social Responsibility eld,
mainly in Applied Social Sciences, based on publications found in
Scopus database, and to produce bibliometric indicators, as well as to
analyze the interdisciplinary connection between CSR and other elds,
from 2000 to 2023.
It also aimed at identifying to which extent the academic community
is contributing with research and study, at nding the countries and
institutions accounting for the largest number of publications on CSR,
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and at recording the most cited authors. In order to answer to these
questions, the present study was based on the following problem
question: would the evolution of the scientic production about
Corporate Social Responsibility, in the 21st century, a perception by
the business world that their strategies and relationship with both the
community and the environment must be reevaluated?
Nowadays world crisis brought along urgency in encouraging changes
in traditional management models. The economic crisis strongly
inuences all economy sectors, so we are currently experiencing
an environmental crisis due to fast changes in climate caused by the
excessive use of natural resources, and to global warming. Capitalism
practices have been bringing along signicant impacts, and they have
been forming a society oriented to consumption, besides giving birth to
labor-precariousness issues (Bo, 2014). As stated by (Bo, 2014): We
are facing a severe civilizational crisis.
Based on the words in the Earth Letter, sustainability is a crucial
matter for life permanence on Earth; society has never faced such a
threat to the future of all. It is not acceptable to get to a point of no
return, be it for carelessness and ignorance. The principle of precaution
and preservation is more valuable than indierence, its ideal scenario
is to have the population aware of the importance to get to the full
sustainability stage, which will provide relief and hope to build more
history about a promising future (Bo, 2014).
Studies on corporate social responsibility have been highlighted in the
academic eld as an increasingly essential practice for organizations that
gain competitive advantages over their competitors when implementing
actions in favor of social, economic, and environmental aspects
(Cezarino et al., 2022). Since the 1990s, there has been a remarkable
growth in research focused on the scientic knowledge of CSR, making
it one of the most relevant and discussed topics of the 21st century
(Santos-Jaén et al., 2021).
The economic power of organizations, which in some cases is
even greater than that of certain countries, has local, national, and
international impact. Their decisions extend beyond economic eects
and also inuence social, environmental, and political spheres.
However, the absence of global policies for environmental issues is
evident, as they rely on global agreements for sustainability (Puppim,
2013; Puppim & Qian, 2023). Therefore, it is possible to observe the
need for the importance of monitoring and understanding how studies
have been conducted and evolved in order to establish the foundations
of the sustainability eld, specically corporate social responsibility, to
question the status quo and contribute to sustainable development.
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METHODOLOGY
In this bibliometric literature review, with a quantitative approach, the
evolution of scientic production, publication areas, most frequent
languages, geographical distribution of publications, most relevant
authors (Lotka’s Law), institutions with the most aliations, journals
that were published (Bradford’s Law), keywords (Zipf’s Law), and
citation counts were analyzed. For the analysis and processing of the
research data, these steps were operationalized through the search lters
available in the Scopus database and Microsoft Excel, as well as other
bibliometric studies (Jan et al., 2022; Santos-Jaén et al., 2021).
From the methodological viewpoint, the present study followed the
exploratory, bibliographic, descriptive and bibliometric research
design, and it implied bibliographic research to select the theoretical
framework about what has been discussed about this topic. This
element will be important for theoretical reference development. The
study is descriptive because it aims at observing, classifying, recording,
analyzing and interpreting data, without manipulation by researchers
through bibliometric research.
Bibliometric research was the technique adopted for data collection
purpose, which is a focal point in the current study. It is so, because it
will allow reaching the proposed goals. Bibliometric research refers to
a statistic technique capable of measuring scientic production and of
following up the growth of knowledge elds (Costa et al., 2012).
The advantage of using bibliometric studies lies on information
standardization based on statistics, since it makes data measuring
and visualization easier. The study shows information on scientic
production carried out until present times by bringing up important
already approached aspects and by adding knowledge to the conduction
of further studies (Dos Santos et al., 2010).
Oftentimes, bibliometric research is developed from information
gathered in large databases like Web of Science, Scopus and, most
recently, Google Scholar Metrics. Each database has its own features
and particularities, such as target public, thematic elds of interest and
selection criteria. Moreover, they regard a data series and the adoption
of dierent metrics. These elements must be used according to the eld
to be assessed and in compliance with research aims (Costa et al., 2012).
To achieve the objectives of this work, the Scopus database was used,
accessed through the Capes Portal, which allows students from partner
institutions to have free access to the largest research platforms. The
research universe comprised all publications indexed in the Scopus
database in the period from 2000 to 2023, which constituted the amount
of 19,171 articles for data collection on the Scopus website and analysis,
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the following set of words was applied: “corporate social responsibility”
or “environmental social responsibility” or “social responsibility”, then
the lter “Business, Management and Accounting” and “Economics,
Econometrics and Finance” was applied to select the research area to
be analyzed.
DATA COLLECTION AND TREATMENT
Scopus database was used to reach the present study’s goals. It was
accessed through Capes Portal. Scopus database is a multi-disciplinary
platform encompassing the abstract of 27 million articles, references,
scientic literature indices, besides indexing more than 18,000 journal
titles from 5,000 international editors, with daily updates (Costa et al.,
2012). It provides a broad view of research production worldwide, in the
science, technology, medical, social sciences and arts, and humanities
elds (Prado et al., 2017).
Besides English, there were articles written in other languages; 60%
of its coverage is outside the Anglo-Saxon America. The research
basis simultaneously encompasses the content of articles indexed in its
platform in the web and content based on the assessed topic (Mesquita
et al., 2006).
Investigation universe comprised all indexed publications in Scopus
database between 2000 and 2023. The following set of words was applied
to Scopus for data collection purpose: corporate social responsibility”
or “environmental social responsibility” or “social responsibility”;
then, the following lters were applied: “Business, Management and
Accounting” and “Economics, Econometrics and Finance” to select the
research eld to be analyzed.
The established analysis categories provided the following information:
scientic production evolution, publication elds, the most frequent
languages, publications’ geographic distribution, the most relevant
authors (Lotka Law), institutions with the largest number of aliations,
journals where they were published (Bradford Law), keywords (Zipf
Law) and citations’ counting. These stages were operationalized
through search lters found in Scopus database and in Microsoft Excel
for research data analysis and processing purposes.
In a broader sense, bibliometric studies help building metrics about
what is published in dierent knowledge elds.
The research between the time period 2000-2023 was careful to
include the short pandemic period 2020-2023 because, according to
Silveira et al. (2023), the World Health Organization (WHO) declared
a state of emergency due to a series of pneumonia cases in the city of
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Wuhan, China. This author also complemented this topic by describing
the SARS-CoV-2 virus as responsible for causing a viral infection
transmitted by respiratory droplets.
Soon after, the outbreak covered the world and its high outspread rates
made WHO declare the emergency pandemic, on March 11, 2020 - the
number of cases was close to 500 million and approximately 6 million
people died. Given this scenario, sanitary restrictions drastically
changed everything in the world, including academic production,
congresses and other activities in the scientic sphere.
According to Chizzotti and Saul (2021), all aspects of human life were
deeply changed during the Covid-19 pandemic, such as its habits,
certainties, projects and daily life. Somehow, all these changes altered
the cycle of scientic production activities, because social distancing
and restrictions made any sort of displacement unfeasible; thus, the
academic science had to adjust itself to the new reality imposed by
the sanitary urgency. The aforementioned authors also highlighted that
the disease outbreak clearly exposed the vulnerability of personal life
and social conviviality, as well as revealed the relevance of dilemma
demanding political union and scientic competence. Therefore, in the
data analysis, a greater increase in citations about CSR is expected in
the period 2020-2023.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
According to Simões (2021), the late 19th century and the early 20th
century were marked by social work professionalization process oriented
to charity, philanthropy, welfare; it was mainly substantiated by ethical
values based on human and democratic ideals. The emergence of this
profession was observed during the Industrial Revolution, mainly in
England, where social rose as mediator to manage conicts between
employees and employers, mainly due to its strong presence in unions.
As for Jardim (2010), social work is closely linked to facing social
issues at their multiple expressions, which results from contradictions
of the capitalist society. This author adds to this statement by saying
that the very basis of social work, as specialized practice, is linked
to several expressions of social issues. It rises as the main element of
industrialization and production-capitalism implementation, as well as
of labor class emergence and of part “mesocracy’s” industrial fraction.
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In a broader sense, inequality conditions, exploration and exclusion
are mostly caused by the capitalist system, which boosted the rise
of social work as profession focused on social intervention and on
seeking solutions for issues faced by the working classes (Iamamoto &
Carvalho, 1998).
Based on the evolution of the corporate social responsibility rhetoric,
Jardim (2010) states that business entities started expanding CSR in
association with an ethical commitment that was substantiated by
sustainable development in comparison to the State’s lack of eciency
in solving a country’s social issues. In a broader sense, governments
implement a series of specic strategies through scal incentives
to foster private social policies aimed at contributing to a protection
system supported by excluding actions and focused on social.
Accordingly, the concept of social responsibility brings along a diversity
of constructs and introduces a scene of theories by outspreading several
approaches (Yevdokimova et al., 2019). The rst traces of CSR date
back to the early 1920s, when the term “venture philanthropy” emerged;
it involved actions taken individually by businessmen and was not
directly linked to companies.
However, in 1889, Andrew Carnegie (businessman and philanthropist)
published the book: The Gospel of Wealth, where he argued that “the
life of a successful businessman should join two parts, the ‘rst would
be dedicated to wealth collection and accumulation, and the second one
should be dedicated to the subsequent distribution of this wealth for
noble causes” (Yevdokimova et al., 2019, p. 70).
However, it was back on the 1950s that corporate social responsibility
started being discussed in a specic way, based on studies carried
out by economist Howard Bowen and outspread in his book: Social
Responsibilities of the Businessman. He dened CSR, which was rst
called Social Responsibility (SR), as “refers to businessmen’s duty to
follow these policies, to make these decisions or to follow desired action
lines in terms of our society’s goals and values” (Bowen, 1953, p. 6).
According to Bowen, CSR would not be a solution for all problems in
society; however, it would contribute to guide future businesses.
According to Carroll (1999), ideas in Bowen’s work pointed out that
organizations’ actions would have impact on society’s life and those
businesspersons would have a much broader responsibility than those
addressed in their prot and loss accounting statements. Similarly,
Puppim (2013) argues that such impacts reach several economic levels.
Bowen’s constructs provided the very basis for discussions about the
theory and practices of CSR in early 20th century. Keith Davis was the
most outstanding writer at that time, he dened those decisions made
and actions taken by organizations aimed at targets that were beyond
companies’ economic and technical interests (Carroll, 1999).
William C. Frederick also made important contributions to the denition
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of CSR, since he argued that companies should inspect their actions
to meet the public’s expectations by improving socio-economic well-
being. An analysis of it would imply the viewpoint that natural and
human resources should be used not just to aim private initiatives, but
society as a whole (Frederick, 1960).
In 1963, Josesh W. McGuire declared in his book “Business and Society”
that companies would not only be accountable for legal and economic
matters, but they would also have social responsibilities that exceed
the imposed duties. McGuire created a more objective denition that
encompassed economic and legal matters; he expanded his denition
by claiming that companies must care with political issues, with the
well-being of the location they are inserted in, with education, with the
health of their employees and with society, in general (Carroll, 1999).
The 1970s, time when the social and environmental crisis had worsened,
was the moment of building awareness about social responsibility. There
was increase in discussions about association among organizations,
government and society. The concept of CSR was than seen within an
ethical context, and it involved dierent needs of social actions.
In 1976, Fitch (1976, p. 38) dened CSR as the “attempt to solve social
issues fully or partly caused by the corporation”. According to Fitch, a
company was socially responsible when it was capable of identifying
social issues and of seeking feasible solutions to them, and of knowing
when to act in order to solve them.
Economic and legal responsibilities set the accountabilities mandatory
to organizations. Ethical and voluntary responsibility has dened that
these accountabilities exceed what is expected from companies. Ethical
responsibility features attitudes that go beyond legal and voluntary
accountabilities featured as philanthropic actions (Carroll, 1999).
Carroll’s concept is seen as an important update in CSR research,
since it determined dierent dimensions of Social Responsibility and
described the responsibilities that must be met by managers.
At late 1970s, companies started to be seen as moral bodies and
organizational decisions exceeded what was required by law. They
were perceived as the outcome of a planned model, of its goals,
rules and procedures. The individualist thinking was replaced by the
organizational one. Thus, the sense of responsibility was detached from
the concept of philanthropy; it started to be linked to consequences and
to refer to consequences of business activities.
From the 1980s on, after the return of the liberal model, the concept of
CSR faced some changes, since the market was the factor accounting
for major relevance (Macêdo, 2013). Alternative topics within CSR
also became the focus of further discussions, such as corporate social
performance, public policies, organizational ethics and theory of
stakeholders. In 1987, Epstein related CSR to social responsibility
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concepts, response capacity and business ethics.
Corporate social responsibility is mainly related to outcomes of
organizational decisions related to specic matters and issues that
(due to some normative standard) have benecial eects, rather
than adverse ones – eects on pertinent interested corporate
parts. The normative correlation of corporate-action products
has been the very target of corporate social responsibility.
(Epstein, 1987, p. 104)
At that same time, Epstein (1987) also dened the concept of ethics in
corporate businesses and responsibilities he called “civil social political
process”. He argued that the starting point for such a process lies on the
institutionalization of these factors within organizations. Back in the
1980s, the number of research aimed at bonding nancial performance
to CSR went skyrocket. This topic was better discussed in the following
decade by Waddock and Graves (1997), according to whom, CSR was
accountable for improvements in nancial outcomes (Surroca et al.,
2009).
Given the scenario built over the 1980s, some authors aimed at
developing models to follow-up CSR evolution. One of the main models
developed at that time was created by Wartick and Cochran (1985); it
was called corporate social performance model, and used “principles,
processes and policies to add responsibility, responsiveness and other
social topics to administrative management” (Macêdo, 2013, p. 6).
The 1980s witnessed the rise of two approaches to bond CSR to strategic
management: business and social issues management. The study line
known as Business and Society focuses on the interests of social actors’
companies interact with. This approach places society at rst position
and states that CSR consists in the association between companies and
society. It is dierent from what used to happen in the rst studies on
CSR, according to which, actions taken by companies were seen as
philanthropy (Faria & Sauerbronnn, 2008).
Another line of thought contemporary to Business and Society was the
approach introduced by the Social Issues Management School, whose
goal was to create management tools capable of enhancing companies’
performance and ethics. It focuses on the use of resources and risk
mitigation (Faria & Sauerbronn, 2008).
The 1990s were marked by the reinforcement of theories developed,
so far. Dierent from what was observed in the prior decades, new
denitions were created, but emphasis was given on clarifying the
theories previously proposed and on enriching the CSR literature.
This process was encouraged by actions taken by non-governmental
entities, research institutes and companies that have started to work
with this matter. At that time, according to Wood (1991), topics, such
as corporate citizenship, corporate social performance and protability,
were the target of in-depth investigations.
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It is easy observing that CSR topic evolution disregards changes in
values resulting from events faced by countries: “from an industrial
society, where CSR embodies economic meaning, to a post-industrial
society where the topic favors aspects related to improving the quality
of life” (Macêdo, 2013, p. 6).
According to Jamali (2008), CSR is linked to business model, and its
policy works as self-regulation mechanism. Moreover, the Corporate
Social Performance model, which is based on the three-dimensional
model proposed by Carroll, back in 1979, was expanded and established.
The model created by Wood meant a great update in CSR studies.
The already conceived CSR studies have been creating several concepts,
methodologies and strategies for modern companies; however, the CSR
denition keeps on evolving in the 21st century. Most nowadays models
are featured as continuity or review of previously proposed models,
but they aim at evenly integrating them, so they can be applied to
organizations.
From the 2000s onwards, associations between CSR and other topics
were identied, such as the case of business sustainability, stakeholders’
management and corporative citizenship. According to Macêdo (2013):
Yet, because of changes on values and consciousness acquired
by society, the understanding and relevance of social topics got
bigger and, so, companies seek to better perceive the community
when it comes to their social actions. There was increase in
association among strategy, ethics and social responsibility. (p.
7)
Data analysis and discussion was based on investigating articles
composing the sample at the timeframe 2000-2023, in total, 19,171
documents about CSR were found between 2000 and 2023 in Scopus
database. There was mean growth by 31% in the number of publications
within the analyzed period-of-time, with emphasis on 2003, when rate
higher than 174% was recorded. The year of 2012 was the only one
recording negative variation (-2%) in comparison to the previous year
(2011).
The total number of 6,108 publications was found between 2020
and 2023, and they showed variations in the number of CSR-related
publications. The time between 2019 and 2020 recorded variation by
10.7%; at critical moments of the COVID-19 pandemic, this rate reached
-2%. In 2022, there was little improvement in the number of published
journals. Table 1 shows the occurrences observed through the analysis
applied to the number of published articles in each publication year.
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Table 1: Publications per year
Figure 1 depicts the evolution of CSR studies; the year of 2000 recorded
68 publications; 2005, 143 publications; 2010, 606 publications -
this number reached 1,447 publications in 2019. Table 1 also shows
publications between 2020 and 2023 – time of Covid-19 pandemic.
There was variation by approximately 16.02% between 2019 to 2020,
the year of 2021 recorded drop in the number of articles about CSR
(-3,11%), but there was growing recover of publications from 2022,
onwards.
Figure 1: Evolution of scientic production on CSR
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According to Table 2, the total number of published studies in the
applied social sciences eld recorded the highest rate of publications;
it summed 60.3% of the total number of published articles. Business,
administration and accounting responded for 43.5% of this total, and
economy and nances accounted for 20% of it.
It is worth highlighting the signicant value recorded for the social
sciences eld given CSR impact on society. As dened by (Carroll,
1979), business social responsibility covers economic, legal, ethical
and voluntary expectations society has on organizations at a certain
moment. Fields like arts, humanities, environmental sciences and
decision sciences, engineering and energy recorded variation ranging
from 6% to 1.4%. Computer sciences, psychology, agriculture and
biological sciences were the elds where this topic’s relevance reached
the lowest rates.
Table 2: The 15 elds accounting for the largest number of
publications
With respect to publications’ geographic distribution, it is important
recording that such an information was only available in the database for
97.2% of the sample. Figure 2 shows the amount of scientic production
per country. It is possible observing that the highest production rate
(black and dark grey) was recorded in the United States (17%), United
Kingdom (10.4%), Spain (5.4%) Australia (5.2%) and Canada (4.1%).
The lowest rate of it (0.1%) was recorded for countries like Somalia,
Syria and Uzbekistan. Brazil accounted for 1.03% of publications in
this eld within the sample.
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Figure 2: CSR scientic production in the country
Around 96% of studies published in the Applied Social Sciences eld
were written in English, and they were followed by studies published in
Spanish (1.8%), French (0.5%) and Portuguese (0.3%).
As for measurements on authors’ productivity, Lotka Law features
authors’ scientic production as follows: few authors produce a lot and
many authors produce a little (Guedes & Borschiver, 2005). Figure 3
shows the number of authors X the number of produced articles, and
it conrmed that the reversed J format in the Lotka Law meets the
signicant drop in standard and tends to be linear with an extensive
chain of small producers. The authors standing out for productivity are
listed in Table 3.
Figure 3: Authors X Produced Articles
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Table 3: The 10 authors accounting for the largest number of
publication1
Institutions that stand out for the highest productivity on the herein
addressed topic in Brazil were University of São Paulo (24 publications),
Getúlio Vargas Foundation (14 publications), Federal University of Rio
de Janeiro and Federal University of Ceará (8 publications).
The analysis allowed identifying 160 articles. Journal of Business
Ethics published 36% of journals on CSR, Social Responsibility
Journal published 13% of them and Corporate Social Responsibility
and Environmental Management Journal published 11% of the total.
According to the Bradford Law, production is divided into three zones,
each one of them accounts for 1/3 of the total number of publications;
thus, approximately 2,204 6,613/3, with respect to number of journals
in each zone, according to this law, the 1st zone has Y, the 2nd one has 3Y
and the 3rd zone has 3Y², approximately 3, 9 and 27.
The following institutions stood out: Copenhagen Business School
(183 aliates), York University (96 aliates), Universiteit van
Amsterdam (73 aliates), Bucharest University of Economic Studies
and Nottingham University Business School (both with 72 aliates).
Except for York University, all institutions are located in Europe, and
this nding points out that the European continent is the one mostly
encouraging CSR research.
The inclusion of new information to update the search in Scopus
database allowed concluding, based on data screening, that some
teaching institutions did not record any increase in the number of
publications. Copenhagen Business School remains the institution with
the largest number of publications; other institutions recorded increase
in the number of publications, such as the Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, which did not rank any position among the 15 institutions
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accounting for the largest number of publications in journals.
Table 4 presents the comparison between empirical data and theoretical
calculation. Based on the recorded data, it is possible observing that
none of the zones showed empirical results in compliance with the
Bradford Law. This nding can point out that the analyzed eld in the
journals remains under consolidation process.
Table 4: Bradford Law, comparison between theoretical and empirical
data
Table 5 shows the journals in the rst zone of Bradford. Journal of
Business Ethics, Social Responsibility Journal, Corporate Social
Responsibility and Environmental Management Journal are among the
journals belonging to applied social sciences eld with the highest rates
of publications in this topic. Except for Journal of Cleaner Production,
which belongs to the environmental sciences eld.
Table 5: Journals in the rst zone of Bradford
With respect to the impact of publications, Table 6 shows the 10 articles
recording the highest rate of citations in absolute and relative values.
The absolute value accounts for the total number of citations recorded
since 1996; the relative value, in its turn, weighs the volume of citations
in comparison to publication time.
The volume of citations refers to the contribution from the study to the
scientic community when it comes to reference terms about topics.
A publication is assessed based on the number of times it was cited in
other articles (Umbelino, 2008). This process points out that the larger
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the number of studies referring to the publication, the stronger its impact
on the scientic community. The most cited studies allowed observing
the relevance of the stakeholders’ theory for the CSR eld, since 70%
of the studies recording the highest citation indices were related to it.
Table 6: Impact factors of Publications
As for subjects with the highest relevance for the analyzed studies, it
was possible analyzing the frequency of keywords determined by the
authors. Table 7 presents the amount of these keywords and their relative
rate. The quantied words highlighted the prevalence of topics related
to the interested parts, to environmental issues, and to strategy and
ethics, because those are the words accounting for the largest number
of occurrences.
CONCLUSIONS
The aim of the present study was to analyze the evolution of scientic
production on Corporate Social Responsibility within the Applied
Social Sciences eld. It was based on publications indexed in Scopus
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database, from 2000 to December 2023, as well as to produce
bibliometric indicators and analyze CSR interdisciplinary connection
to other knowledge elds.
The bibliometric research has shown that corporate social responsibility
has triggered the interest of several authors worldwide. It emerged as
relevant subject, given its importance for society. The evolution of
studies on CSR in the 21st century was analyzed and it showed mean
growth by 31%; it jumped from 18 publications in 2000 to 1,447 in
2019.
The present research also showed that most studies are found in the
applied social sciences eld (60%). However, it is possible observing
that this topic is also often assessed by the following knowledge
elds: Environmental Sciences, Arts and Humanities (4.1% and 6%,
respectively).
With respect to the origin of publications, 19% of them come from
the United States, 11% from the United Kingdom, 6% from Spain and
Australia, 4% from China, France and Germany. English is the language
most often used in the publications (96.5%); it is justied by the fact
that their countries of origin mostly have English as mother language.
Research results related to the number of publications per author were
in compliance with the Lotka Law, which states that few authors publish
a lot, and many authors publish a little. It was observed that 65% of
authors have published up to 11 studies and only 3% of them published
from 31 to 42 studies. García-Sánchez is the most productive one with
54 publications; he was followed by Jamali with 51 publications and by
Idowu with 49 publications.
The research has shown that institutions accounting for the highest
index of aliates are Copenhagen Business School, York University,
Universiteit van Amsterdam and Bucharest University of Economic
Studies. Journals with the largest number of publications were Journal
of Business Ethics, Social Responsibility Journal and Corporate Social
Responsibility and Environmental Management Journal.
It is important mentioning that Brazilian institutions with the largest
number of aliates are University of São Paulo, Getúlio Vargas
Foundation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Federal University
of Ceará. The analysis of publications and keywords’ impact has shown
that 21% and 70% (respectively) of the most cited publications regard
subjects related to the theory of stakeholders.
Sample analysis based on the Bradford Law compared theoretical data
to empirical ones; it showed that information was not in compliance
with Bradford Law’s guidelines. This nding can point out that CSR
studies are still under consolidation process. It was also observed in the
bibliographic research, CSR brings along a whole diversity of constructs,
and presents a scene of theories that outspread several approaches.
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Overall, the present study exposed the macro prole of scientic
production on CSR. The herein assessed topic remains under evolution
and consolidation process, because of the number of theories observed
in it. However, it is expected that the present study can contribute
to the best understanding of how production on this topic has been
developing in the 21st century.
Information presented in the current study can encourage the
development of scientic production on CSR, since the idea was to
contribute to this topic’s outspread, communication and programming.
It would allow the emergence of new authors and the evolution of the
addressed topic.
The present research was limited to analyze publications in the Scopus
database, in the 21st century. Thus, it is recommended to carry out
further research based on other databases in order to compare results.
Despite the presented limitations, it is worth pointing out that the
development of the current study was relevant, since the bibliographic
research allowed observing shortage of bibliometric research on CSR
aimed at analyzing scientic production in the applied social sciences
eld. Thus, the present study reached its goals and contributed to
develop the herein addressed topic.
DECLARATION OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors
state that they have no conicts of interest.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT AND
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The contribution of each author is listed
using the CRediT Taxonomy below:
- Marcio Silva Borges: Principal Author, Conceptualization, Formal
Analysis, Research, Methodology, Project Management, Resources,
Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-revision,
and editing.
- Luana de Oliveira Santos: Formal Analysis, Methodology,
Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-revision,
and editing.
The present study was carried out with the support of the Carlos Chagas
Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro
(FAPERJ) (Process: E-26/210.137/2021).
Marcio Silva Borges, Luana de Oliveira Santos
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Notas al nal
1 En la Tabla 3 se menciona a los 10 autores con mayor número de publicaciones,
que suman 421 obras, las cuales no se incluyeron en las REFERENCIAS
BIBLIOGRÁFICAS, tomando en cuenta la elevada cantidad, por cuanto
excedería el límite máximo de palabras permitidas para un artículo publicado
en esta revista.
