REVISTA CHAKIÑAN, 2019, Nº.7, ABRIL, (5-15)
ISSN 2550-6722
ECUADOR MAMALLAKTAPAK MAMAKAMACHIYTA (2008) KUTIN YUYARINA
REPENSANDO LA CONSTITUCIÓN ECUATORIANA DE 2008 RETHINKING THE ECUADORIAN CONSTITUTION OF 2008
UCHILLACHISKA YUYAY
Kay killkaka, Ecuador Mamallaktapak shuk waranka iskunpatsak, iskun chunka pusak watapi (1998) killkachishkata, shinallatak ishkay waranka pusak watapi (2008) killkachishka Ma- makamachiykunatami chimpapurashpa rikuchin, tawka kawsay, tawka yuyay chikan chikan kawsaypura yuyayta rikushpa, kay yuyaykunaka runakunapak mutsurishkakunata, hatun tan- tankuykuna, mañaykunata rurankapak hillaykunami kan. Katipika, mama llaktapak kamay imashina kamachinakuyta paktachishmanata, shinallatak tawkapura mama llaktapi sumkata wankurishpa kawsankapak kunashkakunapashmi kan.
Sapi shimikuna: Maman llaktapak kamachiy, tawka kawsay, shukshinalla kawsay, tawkakaw- sayuk, kawsaypura, kamachiymanta tapuykuna.
RESUMEN
El texto analiza (a partir de las entrevistas, de la revisión bibliografica especializada y secundaria y demás materiales referentes al tema) la transición de la Constitución Política de la República del Ecuador de 1998 a la del 2008; haciendo reflexiones comparativas en el pasaje de una Constitución pluricultural y multiétnica hacia una intercultural y plurinacional. Este pasaje implica el cambio de tipología de sociedad ecuatoriana, al menos en teoría, y la manera cómo estas categorías y postulados se constituyen en una caja de herramienta para las insurgencias y diálogos de los pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas frente a la estructura dominante. Seguidamente, aborda los avances, límites y contradicciones de las prácticas y discursos constitucionales. Ambos conceptos: tanto la interculturalidad como la plurinacionalidad parecen apuntalarse como una contrahegemonía ontológica, epistémica y política. Epistémicamente, por ejemplo, resurgen o aparecen como saberes locales, aunque estos saberes se vuelven ensimismados; es decir, que son parte solamente de la población subalternizada, más allá de las incorporaciones que se hacen a los mismos en las academias, pero que son en su mayoría marginales.
Palabras claves: Constitución, pluricultural, multiétnico, plurinacional, referéndum.
Juan Illicachi Guzñay j.illicachi@uta.edu.ecu Universidad Técnica de Ambato ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6283-6290
Fecha recepción: 30/01/2019
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ABSTRACT
The text analyzes (from the interviews, the specialized and secondary bibliographic review and other materials related to the subject) the transition of the Political Constitution of
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the Republic of Ecuador from 1998 to that of 2008. Making comparative reflections on the passage of a multicultural and multiethnic Constitution towards an intercultural and plurinational one. This passage implies the change of typology of Ecuadorian society, at least in theory, and how these categories and postulates constitute a toolbox for the insurgencies and dialogues of indigenous peoples and nationalities against the dominant structure. Next, it addresses the advances, limits and contradictions of constitutional practices and discourses. Both concepts: both interculturality and plurinationality seem to be underpinned as an ontological, epistemic and political counterhegemony. Epistemically, for example, they resurface or appear as local knowledge, although this knowledge becomes self-absorbed; that is to say, that they are only part of the subalternate population, beyond the incorporations that are made to them in the academies, but that is mostly marginal.
Keywords: Constitution, multicultural, multiethnic, plurinational, referendum.
Rómulo Arteño Ramos
rramos@unach.edu.ec
Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-6546
Fecha aceptación: 18/03/2018
REVISTA CHAKIÑAN, 2019, Nº.7, ABRIL, (5-15) ISSN 2550-6722
KALLARI YUYAY
Kay killkashka pankakunapika kay rima - nakuykunmi awarishka: runakunapak makanakuy, mamakamachiypak ñankuna; shuk waranka, iskun patsak, iskun pusak wa - tapi kilkachishka kamachiy; Ishkay waranka pusak watapi killkachishka kamachiy; kaw - saypurapak mama llaktapi tikra yuyaykuna, shinallatak harkaykuanapash; shinallatak, tukuripiy churashka yuyaykuna.
Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun kan - chis wata, aymuray killapimi – Ecuador mamallaktapika mama kamachiyta mus - hukyachinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wi - ñachinkapak ari mana nishpa tapuchirka, chaypika hatun charikkunata alikachik, shi - nallatak kullki sapa runakunami paykunapak nishkata rurarkakuna, manapash ñukanchik mañashkakunatami paykunapak allipaklla mama kamachiyta mushukyachishpa, ma - napash tukuykunata tapushpa ima shinami ishkay waranka pusak watapi mama kama - chiyta allichishka shina allichirkakuna. Shinallatakmi, shuk waranka iskunpatsak, iskun chusku wata, shuk punlla, kulla killa - pi Zapatista nishka awkakunaka, México, kiti San Cristóbal Chiapas llaktapi piñari - shpa makanakuyta kallarichirka. Ishkantik hatun llaktakun, runakunapak hatun tan - tanakuykunamantami ñankunata pitishpa, shinallatak kiti llaktakunata muyuchishpa harkashpa, mana murukuta yaykuchishpa, sinchi wankurita rurashpa, llaktata pusha - kkuna paykunapak yuyashka, pacha ma - mapi tiyakkunata kichushpa llamkaytaka harkakkuna. Shinami, chay kimsa hatun tan - tanakuykunaka mama llaktakunawan chim - parashpa yuyaykunata kushpa, shinchita makanakushpa kawsankapak wiñarinkuna. Shinapash, shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi killkashka hatun kamachiypi - ka, kallari rikuchipika mushuk yuyaykuna - tami churarkakuna: kawsaypura, shinalla - tak tawka runakuna kawsayta rikuchiktami churarkakuna. Chay punchakunamantami kichwa runakuna, shinallatak yana runaku - napash kamachyipika riksishka tukurka, shinallatak paykunapak allpakuna, kawsay, tantanakuy, ñawpa kawsay, ishkay shimipi
rimashpa yachay, makanakuykunata runaku - nallatak allichinchunpash churarkakuna. Shinami wakin makanakukkunaka ashallata - pash kushiyarirkakuna, chay shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi kallaripi churashka yuyakunamanta, shinapash, ya - chak runakunaka mana allikachinchu, as - htawanpash wakin uchilla kamaykunapika uchilla harkaykunata churashkamanta, ku - tin, Confederación de Nacionalidadades y Pueblos Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAE) tantanakuy, shinallatak Pachakutik tanta - nakushkakunaka chawpi chawpillapash kus - hiyarinkunami, ashtawanka ecuador mama kamachiypi runakunapak tawka kawsayku - nata churashkamanta, kipamanka ñukanchik llaktapi tawka kawsak runakunaka ñami sumakta kawsashun yuyashpa. Chay tawka runakunapak aynikunata riksishpa hatun ka - maypi killkashkakunaka kayshuk karu llak - takunapi killakashka shinami kan nishpa. Pacha mama kasayta charikmi nishpa killka - chishkaka maypipash mana rurashkata shuk mushuk yuyayta katishpa kullkita hapinata - mi rikuchin. Washaman tikrashpa rikukpika, ñukanchik pacha mamaka mana kunan shina kawsayukchu karka, ashtawanpash shuy ha - yllita shina runakunak ukupi kashkatami ri - kukkuna karka, kunanka Ecuador mamallak - tapa kamachiypi pachamamaka kawsayta charinmi nikpika shuk yalli allí ruryami kan, maypipash mana shina yuyashkatami kunan punllakunaka churashkanchik.
Chay killkakpak yuyayta uchillayachishpa rikukpika, pachamamaka kawsayta charik, kawsaymantami rimarina, allí yachakkuna nishka shinaka, kawsayuk kashkamantami kaparikun, tawka watakunata colonialismo nishka llapishpa kawsashkamanta. Shinami pachamamaka Ecuador mamallaktapak ka - machiypika runakunapak mañashkata pak - tachishka, shinapash kunan punllakunaka pacha mama kawsayta charinmi nikushpa - pash ecuador mama llaktata pushakka mana paktachikunchu, ashtawanpash ñami ñawpa yuyaypi shinallatak pacha mamataka kullki - ta hapikapaklla kashkata rikushpa alliman - talla shuk hatun karu llakta rantikkunaman kukun.
Pacaha mama ishkay waranka pusak wata
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ºkamachiypi aynikunaka punllantami paki - shpa mana paktachin, (yana wirata karu llak - taman katushpa, yasunípi tiyak hillaykunata llushichishpa katushpa, shinallatak shukta - nata rurashpami yallitak llakichiku); ru - nakuna makanakuykunata harkashpa, kapa - rikkunata wichkachishpa, tantanakuykunata rurankapak mana ari nishpa, Pachamamata yanapakkunata chinkachishpa, mana allí ka - chishpa tukuykunata mana allí rimashpa, allí rikukpika, mana ima yuyaytapash kuypak, nimata mana alikachishpa, ima allitapash mana rurashpami llakichikun.
Rafael Correa, Ecuador Mama llaktata pus - hak kashpaka mana yankamanta, asirishpa - llachu rimarka, ashtawantakka runakunapak wawsayta, kawsaypurata, yuyaykunatami aharka, ñawpa salakuna runakunata llapi - shpa kawsakkuna shina. Correa Pushakka, yankata yachapashpami rimakkarka. Ñawpa salakunaka makashpa kamishpapash, ku - nan salalakunaka asishpa, kushiyashpa ru - nakunata rimankuna, Correa shina. Correa nikkarka; pachamamapak wawallakuna nishpa, wawa runakuna, lluqui wawaku - na nishpa, shinami kutin, mamam llaktapi kawsak hatun tantanakuyta pushakkunapash shukkunapash piñarishpa makanakuy kalla - rinkuna. Shinami, runakunataka, rakishpa, makanakuchishpa, wakllichishpa runakuna - pak tantanakuykunataka llakiman aparka. Chashna makanakushpa kallarishpaka mana ima allíkunawan rinkunachu, ashtawanpash chay mama kamachiypi killkashka kawsa - ypura, tawkakuna shuk shinalla kawsayta shinchiyachinapak rantika makanakuytami kallarichin, chasnalla katishpaka ima alita mana rurakushkatami rikuchin, kutinllatak ñawpa kamachiypi rurashka shinallatak ni - matapash mana mushukyachishpa apakus - hkatami rikuchin.
Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun pu - sak watapi mama kamachiypi churashka tawkakawsay, achka kawsay, shinallatak ishkay waranka pusaku watapi mama kama - chiypi churashka shukshinalla kawsaypura, shinallatak kawsaypura yuyakunata churas - hkaka yalli mana kallpak shina runakuna - pak llaki kawsaytami harkashka. Shinallatak shuy yuyaypika kutin allí yuyarishpa, allí
rikushpa runakunapak kawsayta wiñchina - tami rikuchin, shinallatak, yachay ukuman - ta rikukpika runakunapak sumak kawsaymi rikurin, tantanakushka runakunapak ayniku - namanta, kawsaypuramanta paykunapaklla allí kashkata rikuchikmi kan, shinapash ma - yhanpash chay yuyayta charishpaka chakru - rik shinami tantalla llamkankuna.
Shuk allí yuyachiyka kawsaypurata ri - kukkunata wiñachina mutsuriymi, hatun yachana wasikunapi katiy rikuytami wiña - china, ima shina chay kawsaypuramanta, shinallatak shukshinalla kawsaypura hawa llamkaykunata kamayta rurachunkuna, chay llamkaykunataka mamallaktapak kull - kiwanmi yanapana kan, allí imatapash rura - richun nishpaka.
YACHAYÑANA
Kay killkayta rurankapakka tawka yachay - ñanakunami yanaparka: Kamachikunamanta yachak warmikunata, karikunatami tawka tapuykunata rurarkanchik. Ashka kutichi - shkakunami kay killkashka wachukunapika tiyakunkuna; kay killkashkata imashinami ñawirishpa rikunkakuna.
Shinallatak, kamukkuna, shuktak killkashka pankakunata ñawirishpami kay llankashka pankakunaka rurarirka. Yuyaykunapura - ta chimpapurachishpa, rimarishkakunata wankurichishpa, piñanakuchishpa, awachi - shpami, kay killkayka rurarishka.
Maypika, kay killkaypika chaymi waklli wakllilla, alli rikushkakunatami kay ki - llkaypika yuyaykuna awarishka. Ashtawantakka, kay kinmsa yachayñana - mi tinkirishpa killkaytaka yanapashka. Yu - yaykuna, chimpapuranakuypika killkakpak yuyaypashmi rikurin.
Kay killkashka yuyaykunaka imapakla alli - kashkatami willan, shinallatak imalla illas - hkatami rikuchin. Pillatak, mama kamachi - kwanka alli kawsayta charina kashkatami riluchin. Kay tapurikunapimi shuktak tapu - ykunata rurarkanchik. Ima kamachikkuna - llatak runakunapakka allli, allitak kawsayta kushanin; Mamakamachikka tukuy runaku - natachu ukllay, kuyanpash; Sumak kawsa -
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ypi purinkapakka pillatik llankanakanchik; kamachikkunapi nishkashinachu kawsakun - chik, mana kashpaka, ruraywan, yuyaywan
RIKUSHKA NAKUY
CHIMPAPURA -
rakirishkachu kan. Ashtawantakka kay ta - puykunami purirka mana runakunata ta - punkapaklla, shinapash, kamukkunapipash ñawirishpa tapurinkapak.
Shinapash, kay, yachayñanata purichinaka sinchimi kan. Ñawpa pachakunapika, yu - rak runakunaka, nishunpash, shuktak llakta - manta shamuk runakunaka, ashtawantakaka, Abya-Yala, llaktapi kawsakkunataka mana yachankichikchu, ñukanchikmi yachanchik nikmi karkakuna. Mashna yachaskapash mana usharirkachu, yuyaypash chinkarirka - mi, kawsakunapash wañurkami, runakuna - ta, pushakkunatapash wañuchirkakunami. Ñawpa taripak, llakichik, yurak amawtaku - naka kapakmanmi katurirkakuna.
Chashna taripanaka, kay pachakunapi - ka, sinchitami rimashka kashka: maypika paykuna puralatak, maypika wakchakuna - manta. Kunan pachapika, tapukunapish ya - chanmi, tapushka runakunapash yachanku - nami, tukuykunamu yachankuna. Maymanta shamuk taripakkunapash shukta yuyayta, shuktak kawsayta, shuktak yachayta, shuk - tak runakunata paypak kawsayta shinllatak - mi kuyana kan. Mana, taripakpak kawsay shinachu kan nishpaka, shuktak kawsayku - nata llapinallachu kan.
Taripayta rurak runakunaka, mana, payku - napak kamukkunata killkashpallachu sakiri - na kan, ashtawankari, maypi tapurishkapak kawsayta allichishpa ñawpakman apanami kan. Taripakkuna alli kawstami mashkana kan. Yachakkunapak, killkakkunapak kari - pak, warmipak, yuyakkunapak, wawakuna - pak kawsaykunapimi wankurina kan.
Kay killkashka pankakunaka mana runaku - napak kishpirinatachu karan, shinapash as - haku yuyayakunawanmi yanaparin. Shina - pash, ñawpa yachayñanataka shakishpami, shuktak yachayñanata ushashkanchik. Chay yachayñanaka chinpapura yachaymi kan, wankurinakuhspa killkaymi kan. Yachayña - na minka nishpa tukuchishun. Kay Yacha - yñanamanataka shuktak killkakunapi ash - tawan yuyarushpaka allichari kanman.
1. RUNAKUNAPAK MAKANAKUY, MAMAKAMACHIYPAK ÑANKUNA
Ecuador ama llaktapi kawsak runaka mana hawallachu kawsaypak mutsuykunatka charishkakuna, ashpawampash sinchita makanakushpa, hatun tantanakuykunawan wankurinakushpami mañaykunataka cha - rikkuna kashka, kunan punllakunakamami Abya yala tantanakuykunawan minkarishpa makanakunkuna. Shina: Abya yala hatun llaktapika, ishkay makanakuykunami tiyas - hka rikurin. Ecuador Mamallaktapi shuk waranka iskun ptsak, iskun chunka watapi shuk hatun runakuna hatari makanakuy ti - yarka, kutin, chay watakunallatakmi Bolivia llaktapipash runakunaka tukuy ñankunata harkashpa llaktata pushakkunawan maka - nakuy tiyarka. Chay ishkay ruraykunaka makanakunkapak mushuk tantanakuykunata wiñachishpa wankurishpa llaktata wichiman pushana kashkatami rikuchin “chay hatun ruraykunataka kunan kawsaypak yachanami tukun” (García 2003:195).
Shinallatakmi, shuk waranka iskunpatsak, iskun chusku wata, shuk punlla, kulla ki - llapi Zapatista nishka awkakunaka, México kiti San Cristóbal Chiapas llaktapi piñari - shpa makanakuyta kallarichirka (Wallers - tein 2008). Ishkantik hatun llaktakuna (Bo - livia shinallatak Ecuador), runakunapak hatun tantanakuykunamantami ñankunata pitishpa, shinallatak kiti llaktakunata muyu - chishpa harkashpa, mana murukuta yayku - chishpa, sinchi wankurita rurashpa, llaktata pushakkuna paykunapak yuyashka, pacha mamapi tiyakkunata kichushpa llamkaytaka harkakkuna. (Gutierrez 2009: 95). Shinami, chay kimsa hatun tantanakuykunaka mama llaktakunawan chimparashpa yuyaykuna - ta kushpa, shinchita makanakushpa kaw - sankapak wiñarinkuna.
Wakinpika, runakunapak tantanakuy mañas - hkakuna, makanakuykunaka mana Mama - llaktapak ruraykunata wakllichishpa panta mañaykunachu kan, ima shinami Teresa Sie -
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rra chay guerrero llaktapi chapak hawaman - ta rikushka shinaka:
Shuk waranka, iskun patsak, is -
kun chunka, pichka watamantami, uchillallaktapi tantanakushpami yuyarikkuna, wañuchina illapa hillaykunata chay Costa Chica, Guerrero chusku chunka, pusak Awkakunata pushakkuna ukupi ri - kuchishpa killkachirkakuna. Shi -
nami chay llaktapi chapakkunaka mana mamallaktapak tikraman ruraykunata rurana kashkata riku - chin, ashtawanpash shuway llaki - kunata wankurishpa allichinkapak - mi kan, mana mamallakta allichi tukushkamanta. (Sierra 2009:14)
Ecuador mamallaktapi wiñachishka runaku - napak hatun tantanakuypash mana tikraman llaktata llakichinkapakchu kan. Tukuy ru - raykuna, shinallatak mañaykunapash kama - ykunata paktachishpami kawsankuna. Wa - kinpika, shina paktachikunaka runakunata muspachinkapakmi kan, ama piñarishpa mañaykunata rurachun, shinami makanakuk runakunata mana makanakuk runakunata rurankuna (Poole 2008). Mamallaktamanta chashna muspachisha nikpipash, runakuna - pak hatun tantanakuykunaka uramanta ha - nakmanta makunakushpami paktachiykunta shinallatak mañaykunatapash hapishkakuna, shina: mushuk kamachiyta rurachirka.
2. SHUK WARANKA, ISKUN PATSAK, ISKUN PUSAK WATAPI KILKACHI - SHKA KAMACHIY
Shuk waranka, iskun patsak, iskun kanchis wata, ishkay chunka pichka punlla, aymu - ray killapimi Ecuador mamallaktapika ha - tun tapuy tiyarka, tukuy kiti llaktakumanta tantanakushpa hatun kamachiyta kutin alli - chishpa killakankapak. Shinami, chay shuy waranka iskun patsak, iskun kanchis wata, ishkay chunka punlla, kayak killapi, llaktapi kawsakkuna ari nishkawan kamayta killka kallarirkakuna, chay llankaytaka ñawpa pus - hak Oswaldo Hurtado aparka, kipamanka Luis Mejía Montesdeoca mishumi chay tan - tanakuytaka pusharka.
Kaytami yuyarina kanchik, llakpi tukuy kawsakkunaka tantanakushpa kamayta alli -
chinmi ari nirka, shinapash, achkata charik tantanakushka millay mishukuna tantanakus - hpaka paykunata nishkatami rurarkakuna, ashtawanpash mana ari nishkakunakamami tukuyta kamachiytaka mushukyachirkaku - na. Shinami, chay kipaka shuk waranka is - kun pastak, iskun pusak wata, pichka punlla inti killapi, Riobamba llaktapi mana ni pi - tapash tapushpalla hatun mushukyachishka kamachiytaka karwa killapi, chay watallatak ña ari nishpa churarkakuna.
Shinapash, shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi killkashka hatun kamachiypi - ka, kallari rikuchipika mushuk yuyaykuna - tami churarkakuna: kawsaypura, shinalla - tak tawka runakuna kawsayta rikuchiktami churarkakuna. Chay punllakunamantami kichwa runakuna, shinallatak yana runaku - napash kamachyipika riksishka tukurka, shinallatak paykunapak allpakuna, kawsay, tantanakuy, ñawpa kawsay, ishkay shimipi rimashpa yachay, makanakuykunata runaku - nallatak allichinchunpash churarkakuna. Shinami wakin makanakukkunaka ashallata - pash kushiyarirkakuna, chay shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi punta - pi churashka yuyakunamanta, shinapash Agustín Grijalva yachakka (2008) mana allikachinchu, ashtawanpash wakin uchilla kamaykunapika uchilla harkaykunata chu - rashkamanta, kutin, CONAIE tantanakuy, shinallatak Pachakutik tantanakushkaku - naka chawpi chawpillapash kushiyarinkuna - mi, ashtawanka ecuador mama kamachiypi runakunapak tawka kawsaykunata churas - hkamanta, kipamanka ñukanchik llaktapi tawka kawsak runakunaka ñami sumakta kawsashun yuyashpa. Chay tawka runaku - napak aynikunata riksishpa hatun kamaypi killkashkakunaka kayshuk karu llaktakunapi killakashka shinami kan nishpa: Colombia 1991, Perú 1993, Bolivia 1994, Venezuela 1999 (Becker 2015).
Ecuador mama llaktapi tiyak hatun runaku - napak tantanakuykunaka, chay shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi killkashka kamachiyta pushakkuna mana pakchikta ri - kushpaka, kutinmi shinchita mañaykunata rurashpa makanakuykunawan kallarirkaku - na. Shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak
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watapi killkashka kamachiyka achka allí yuyaykunatami charin, rimaykunata, ayni - kuna, hanpirinamanta, yachaymanta, ash - tawanpash ishkay waranka pusak watapi ki - llkachishka kamachiyka ñawpa kamachiypi churashka yuyaykunata sinchiyachishpami killkachin.
3. ISHKAY WARANKA PUSAK WATA - PI KILLKACHISHKA KAMACHIY
Rafael Correa Delgado, allí yachak,llaktata pushankapak mushuk yuyayta charik, allí yachachaik, amawta, kullki kamayuk, Al - fredo Palacio pushakuy watakunapimi riksi - shka tuparka, ishkay waranka sukta watapi - mi Ecuador mamallaktapak pushak tukurka. Pichka chunka, sukta chunka kanchis aspi - wanmi (56,67%), Ishkay chunka punlla, sasi killapimi chay achka kullkisapa Alvaro No - boa ishkay kutin mishanakuypi misharka, chaypak washaka ishkay waranka kanchis wata, chunka pichka kulla killapimi ña llak - tata pushankapak kallarirka.
Tukuymanta yalli paypak yuyay churaskaka mamallaktapak kamachiyta mushukyachi - chinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wiñachinata - mi rurasha nishpa yaykurka, shinallatak ru - nakunata hatun tantankuy pushakkunawan, kayshuk tantanakuyta pushkunawanpash, llukimanta yuyayta charik tantanakuynata tantachishpa pushanatami kallarirka. (Parti - do Socialista, Pachakutik, Movimiento Po -
pular Democrático, Izquierda Democrática, Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano).
Shinami, Rafael Correa Ecuador Mamallak - tata pushak yaykushpaka, ishkay chunka pichka punlla, kulla killa, ishkay patsak kanchis watapi hatun tapuyta rurankapak kayachirka. Kimsa killa washa, pay pus - hankapak yaykushka kashpami kayachir - ka ari mana ninchunkuna, shinaka, chunka pichka ayriwa killa, ishkay patsak kanchis watapi ña kayachikpika ecuador mamallak - tapi tukuy kawsakkunaka pusak chunka yu - paykunawan (80%) ari, mushuk kamachiyta killkachun shuk tananakuyta wiñachichun nishpa mishachirka (Becquer 2015). Ña, kimsa chunka punlla, kuski killa, ishkay waranka kanchis watapi kayachikpika pat - sak kimsa chunkamantaka, pusak runaku - na paypak wiñachishka llaktata pushaypak ukumanta muisharka, chasnami chunka shuk marka llaktakunamanta misharkakuna. Kutin, shamuk wata, ishkay chunka pusak punlla, sasi killa, ishkay patsak wata kaya - chipika sukta chunka kimsa, iskun chunka kimsa aspikunawanmi ari nirkakuna, ku - tin, ishkay chunka pusak, chunkakunallami mana nirkakuna, mana allí aspishkakunaka kanchis, ishkay chunka kimsakunatami as - pirkakuna, Guayaquil llaktallapimi mana nishpaka misharka, (chusku chunka, iskun kanchis yapaykunawan mana nirka, shi - nallatak, chusku chunka, sukta pusaku yu - paykunaka ari nirka).
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Kay suyushkakunapika (1 y 2) imashina Mama Llaktapi pushakkunata akllashkaku - natami rikuchin: arinishkakuna (63, 93%), mananishkakuna (28%), sinallatak waklli - shkakunatapash (7,23%). Ñukanchik yu - yaypika, kay yupaykunaka mamallaktapak akllaykunapak tandanakuyka allí kawsayta - mi rikuchin. Astawantakka, kay 63,93% ari - nishka yupaykunami Ecuador, Mama Llak - tapi allí tantanakushkata rikuchin. Mama Llaktata pushakpahs sinchi sinchitami sha - yarishpa yuyarishpapash pushanka. Shi - naka, karipak, warmipak, wawakunapak, yuyakkunapakmi allí kawasaykunakanka. Chay hatun kayachiypi mishayka, runaku - napak hatun tantanakuy yanapashpa llankas - hkamantami misharka. mana Correa pusha - kllachu mishashka, runakunapak tantanakuy wankurishkakunami mishan nishpami Ana María Anaguarqui Chimborazo markamanta runakunapak tantanakuy pushkka nirka. Ima shinami Venezuela llaktapi waranka iskun patsak, iskun chunka iskun watapi killkashka kamachiy shina, ñukanchik Ecuador mama - llakta kamachiyka tukuytami ukumanta mus - huk yuyaykunta churarkakuna, chasnami mushuk pushakkunatapash akllana tukurka, kiti llaktamanta kallarishpa, kamaykunata rikukunata, shinallatak mamallaktata pusha - kkama, (Becker 2015). Achka kawysakku - namanta shinallatak tawka runakunamanta, shuk kawsaypura, shinallatak tawkakuna shukshinalla kawsayta charishkata rikuchik yuyayta churaskami ashtawanka sumak allí karka.
Shuk niki.- Ecuador Mamallakta mamakamachiy hayñi, kishpiri - yshka runakunapak, llakta-ushay, hawaman awkiyak, kikinlla, tan - tachik kawsaypura kawsay, tawka kawsayyuk, mana iñipash ki - kinyashka Mamallaktami kan,
Kay hatun llaktaka Mamalakta shinami tantarin, shinapash mar - kakunapi. llaktakunapi, karu - manta kamachishpami pushan. Mamallaktaka awkikayka llak - tapimi minkarin, kamachikka paykunapak munaypimi sapi -
yarin, runakunapaktantanakuy ushaywan paktachin, paykuna - pak yachaywan chaypi kashpa
Mamakachiypi ima shina ikta hawaman churashpa pushan. Mamallaktapak allpa llaktapi ti -
yakkuna mana kutin wiñarik kakta, mamallaktapak charishkata, mana shitanalla, mana pipash yaykuna - lla, mana katunalla, wiñaypak cha - rinallami kan. (Becker 2015: 120).
Kay yuyayta churashkaka, Ecuador mama - llakatapi tawka kawsaypura, chunka kimsa llakta kawsay, shinallatak yalli pachaka mi - shukunawan tantalla kawsayta rikushkatami umanachin. (Trujillo 2012; Becker 2015) shinallatak kimsa yuyaykunatami rikuchin
(Shuk) Ecuador mamallaktapika tawkatantanakushkarunakunakaw - sashkata, ashtawanpash mana shuk - lla tantarishka runakunallachu kaw - san nishpa riksirishkatami rikuchin. (ishkay) Shuy sumak yuyaypika, tukuykuna sumakta kawshukchays -
huk wankurishpa mana makanakus - hpalla shinallatak mana kayshukka hatun tukushpalla makipurashpa kawsachun yuyaytami rikuchin. (kimsa) Ña kipawanka, shuk tan - tanakushka runakulla, kayshukku - nata mana alikhishpa kawsanata
kunkarichun nishpa hatun yuyayta - mi rikuchin (Ávila 2012:283).
Shinamari, kawsaypura rikuchiyka tukuy kawsaypi mamallaktapak kamachiy mutsu - rishka kana kashkata rikuchin, kay yuyaku - naka allí kawsaypi, mama llaktapak kallari - pi, shinallatak tukuy mama kamachiypimi rikurin (Ávila 2012). Katherine Walsh ri - kuypika (2009-2012) chay sumak yuyayku - naka, ñawpa runakunapak kawsaymanta hapishkakunami kan, paykuanaka mama - llaktamanta chikanchishka, waklichishkami kawsakkuna karka.
Kutin, paykunapak sumak yuyaykunata mama kamchiypi churashpa killkashkaka aschka allimi kan, chaymantami llaktata pushakkunaka paykunataka sinchiyachishpa sumakta tantalla pushana (Grijalva 2008). Llaktata pushak Rafael Correa, mana tanta - lla tawka runakuawan ecudor mamallaktata pushashkamantami runakunaka piñarishpa chinkanyarishpa anchurkakuna. Ecuador
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mamakamachiypika shuk sumak rikuytami churarkakuna pachamamapak aynitami ki - llkachirka, kaykamaka pachamaka shuy ha - ylli shinallami rikushka karka, kunanmanta ñawpakmanka pachamamaka kawsayta cha - rikta rikushkami kan (Acosta 2014:323). Pacha mama kasayta charikmi nishpa killka - chishkaka maypipash mana rurashkata shuk mushuk yuyayta katishpa kullkita hapinata - mi rikuchin. Washaman tikrashpa rikukpika, ñukanchik pacha mamaka mana kunan shi - na kawsayukchu karka, ashtawanpash shuy hayllita shina runakunak ukupi kashkatami rikukkuna karka, (Cartesinopak yuyay), ku - nanka ecuador mamallaktapa kamachiypi pachamamaka kawsayta charinmi nikpika shuk yalli allí ruryami kan, maypipash mana shina yuyashkatami kunan punllakunaka churashkanchik (Walsh 2012).
Chay killkakpak yuyayta uchillayachishpa rikukpika, pachamamaka kawsayta charik, kawsaymanta rimarina, Hinkelammert ni - shka shinaka, kawsayuk kashkamantami kaparikun, tawka watakunata colonialismo nishka llapishpa kawsashkamanta. Shinami pachamamaka ecuador mamallaktapak ka - machiypika runakunapak mañashkata pak - tachishka, shinapash kunan punllakunaka pacha mama kawsayta charinmi nikushpa - pash ecuador mama llaktata pushakka mana paktachikunchu, ashtawanpash ñami ñawpa yuyaypi shinallatak pacha mamataka kullki - ta hapikapaklla kashkata rikushpa alliman - talla shuk hatun karu llakta rantikkunaman kukun.
Pacaha mama ishkay waranka pusak wata kamachiypi aynikunaka punllantami paki - shpa mana paktachin, (yana wirata karu llak - taman katushpa, yasunípi tiyak hillaykunata llushichishpa katushpa, shinallatak shukta - nata rurashpami yallitak llakichiku); ru - nakuna makanakuykunata harkashpa, kapa - rikkunata wichkachishpa, tantanakuykunata rurankapak mana ari nishpa, Pachamamata yanapakkunata chinkachishpa, mana allí kachishpa tukuykunata mana allí rimashpa, (Sierra 2014:36), allí rikukpika, mana ima yuyaytapash kuypak, nimata mana alikachi - shpa, ima allitapash mana rurashpami llaki - chikun (Ospina 2009).
Shinallatak, ñukanchik, Mamallaktata pus - hakkunaka; pi kashpapash, maykan kas - hpapash, wiñay kawsaypimi runakunataka llakichishpa, wañuchishpa, shamushkaku - na. Shina, runakunapak kawsay kakpipash, manatak llakillachu kawsashkakuna, imala - pash, imashinapsh pukllaywan, ushaywan, munaywan, yachaywanmi ñawpakman kati - kmushkakuna.
Chasna makanakushpa kallarishpaka mana ima allíkunawan rinkunachu, ashtawanpash chay mama kamachiypi killkashka kawsa - ypura, tawkakuna shuk shinalla kawsayta shinchiyachinapak rantika makanakuytami kallarichin, chasnalla katishpaka ima alita mana rurakushkatami rikuchin, kutinllatak ñawpa kamachiypi rurashka shinallatak ni - matapash mana mushukyachishpa apakus - hkatami rikuchin.
4. KAWSAYPURAPAK MAMA LLAK - TAPI TIKRAYUYAKUNA, SHINALLA - TAK HARKAYKUANAPASH
Kaysaypurata shinallatak shukshinalla tawka kawsaykunata shuk mamallaktapi churashkaka shuk “hayllikuna shinami kan” (Foucault 2010), shuktakkunapak kawsa - ykunata riksinkapak, kipanchishpa pakashka kakpi rikurinapak, shinallatak pakalla kaw - sakushta rikuchinkapak. Kawsaypurayuk mamallaktapika wakchalla llakilla kawsa -
naka mana pakashka kanachu (Ávila 2012).
Shuktakkunapak kawsaykunata riksinaka, sumakta yachana kikin yachaskata tikra kunkarishpa yachaypakmi kan, chay hatun tantanakushka runakuna, kayshuk uchilla tantanakushka kawsaykunata yachanaka achka mutsurishkami, tantalla llamkana, ñukanchik kiwakunallawantak hampirina - manta, warmikuta alikachishpa kawsay - manta yachanakuna, kutin, kawshuk hatun
llaktakunapak kawsaykunaka achka yanka - manta wañuykuna, shinallatak shuk hampi - kunawan hampirishpa kawsaytami apamus - hka (Ávila 2012). Shina yachaykunataka, kashnami shutichinchik kawsaypura yachay. Shimami kay mutsurinamanta rikukpika yachay pampakunapi, shinallatak yachana ukukunapipash kutin allí yachachina kan - chik, kawsaypura shukshinalla tukushpa
yachaytami ruray tukunchik (Walsh 2013), chasshna millay yuyay ñukanchik ukupi ti -
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yashpa hatun tukuna yuyayta, shinallatak pi - tapash mana alikachishpa kawsana yuyayta kukpi kunkarinkapak (Foucault 2014:16). Shinami, kay mamallaktapi kawsaypurata sinchiyachinaka mana shuk yanka rimay - lla kay. Paktaykunaka mana kamaykunapa killkashkallachu kana kan, yachay wasi - pi wawakunata yachachinkapaklla, hatun pushayta wiñachishpalla, karu rikuypi ri - kurinkapakllachu kana kan. Ashtawanpash mamallakatapi kawsaypuramanta rimayka hatun paktaykunapakmi, tukuy runakuna wankurinakushpa sumakta kawsankapakmi kan (Ávila 2012:378).
Hatun yuyarina, tapuy punchakunapimi kaw - sanchik, ashalla waklishka yuyaykunata kus - hpami kawsanchik (De Sousa Santos 2010) mana killkana pataku washamanta sumakta rimashpalla makipi waktayta chaskinkapak - llachu kan, “imallatapash ashtawanmi rura - na kanchik” (R. M. Illicachi, comunicación personal, 18 de enero de 2019). Kutinllatakmi yuyachini, kawsaypuramanta llankankapakka yachay ukumantami kalla - rin, yachana wasi ukumantami wiñachina- Imatatak yachana wasika wiñachin- Yachana wasika kawsaypura wankurishpa kawsayta, mana kashpaka sapalla kawsanatami yacha - chi tukun. Yachana wasi ukupimi rikchachi, mana kashpaka kawsaypuramanta, shukshi - naklla kawsayta chikakachichun yachachin, chaymantami tawka llamkaykunata rurana kanchik, shina: yuyaykunata chimpapuras - hpa tantanakuy, killkanata killkakatishpa, yachana kamukunatakillkashpa, sumakkaw - saymanta, tantalla kawsaymanta shukkuna - mantapash. Kawsaypuramanta, shukshinalla kawsaymanta, twka tanatanakuy kawsay - manta, shukshina kawsaymanta rikunkapak killkakunaka achkakunami tiyan, shinapash imashina yachay ukunamanta llamkanaka mana achkachu rikurin (Martínez 2007). Kawsaypuramanta, shukshinalla kawsa - ypuramanta, sumak kawsaymanta hatun yachana wasikunapi, uchilla yachana wasi - kunapi yachachiyka mana kichwa runaku - napakllachu kana kan, ashtawanpash tuku - ykunapakmi minkashka kan. Mamallaktapi kawsaypura, shukshinalla kawsaypurata sin - chiyachinkapakka tukuylla yachanana wasi - kunapi, shinallatak tukuy yachaykunapimi yachachina kan, “yachankapakka ñawpaman yachaskata kunkarishpami yachana” (Wal - sh 2013), “chimpapurashpa wankurishpa rurayta katinami allí kanman yuyanimi” (Foucault 2014:14), mana kawsaypura ima
kashkata yachankapaklla, ashtawanpash kawsaypak ima allí pushaypak, mana maka - nashpa kawsaypak, mana alikachishpa kawsayta sakishpa sumakta shuk shinalla tawkakuna kashpapash kawsankapak.
Karu llaktapi killkachishka kamchiykuna - pash llamkaymanta pushak 169, muyun - tik llaktapak killkashka UNESCO nishka shinaka, sinchitami llankana kan, ecuador mamallaktapika manatak ayllu ukupi ya - chay, llaktakunapi, apunchikta yachana wasi ukukunamanta chikanchishpa llankanachu, ashtawanpash anta uyarianta, yachana wa - sikunamanta tukuy manyakunamantami kawsaypurata, shukshinalla kawsaypuratka yachachina kanchik mana shina llankakpika sumak rimashka, allí kamachiyta charishka - ta rikuchikllami sakirinka.
Kawsaypura yachayta mana hawamanta churashkalla kachunka, ayllumanta wiñachi - shkami kana kan, paykunami ñawpa llaki kawsaytaka yachankuna, paykunami rima - nakushpa kawsanataka mañankuna, shinami kikinyarishpa shukshina yuyashpapash kaw - sanata charinkuna (Ávila 2012:304), runaku - napak hatun tantanakuy, yana runakunapak tantanakuy, shinallatak llukichishka yuyayta pushakkuna sinchita kaparishpa mushuk kawsayta wiñachinkuna, paykunaka mana pushak tukunkallapak, mañaykunata maka - nakuyta pushankapakllachu llankankuna, ashtawanpash kunan pachakunaka runaku - napak tantanakuykunaka sumak kawsaypak allí yachaykunata yuyarinakushpa chu - rankapak, ima shina kawsaypurata yachay ukukunamanta churankapakmi kankuna (Escobar 2001), shinami, kichwa runakuna, yana runakuna, mishukunapash wankuri - nakushpa shukshinalla tawka yuyakunawan llaktata sinchiyachiyachinkakuna.
Kay yuyaypimi awarin, Norma Bayas rima - rishka: “Ñukanchik kamachikunaka, tuku - ykunatami kuyaya kan, pita mana llakichina - chun kan. Kunan pachaka, ñawi allí kawsana kanchik, chimpapura rikunakushpa, makita kunakushpa, shunkuwantak kuyanakushpa. Mana shunkumanta kuyanakukpika ima allí kamachikkuna tiyakpipash mana, imapak mana ushunkachu” (N. Bayas, comunicación personal, 15 de marzo de 2019). Chashna kakpika, nipakmi kanchik, kamachikkunaka allimi tiyashka; shinaka, kamachikukunata purichikkunami waklli, waklli kashkakuna.
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TUKURIPIY CHURASHKA YUYAYKUNA
Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun kan - chis wata, aymuray killapimi – Ecuador mamallaktapika mama kamachiyta mus - hukyachinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wi - ñachinkapak ari mana nishpa tapuchirka, chaypika hatun charikkunata alikachik, shi - nallatak kullki sapa runakunami paykunapak nishkata rurarkakuna, manapash ñukanchik mañashkakunatami paykunapak allipaklla mama kamachiyta mushukyachishpa, ma - napash tukuykunata tapushpa ima shinami ishkay waranka pusak watapi mama kama -
chiyta allichishka shina allichirkakuna. Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun pu - sak watapi mama kamachiypi churashka tawkakawsay, achka kawsay, shinallatak ishkay waranka pusaku watapi mama kama - chiypi churashka shukshinalla kawsaypura, shinallatak kawsaypura yuyakunata churas - hkaka yalli mana kallpak shina runakuna - pak llaki kawsaytami harkashka. Shinallatak shuy yuyaypika kutin allí yuyarishpa, allí rikushpa runakunapak kawsayta wiñchina - tami rikuchin, shinallatak, yachay ukuman - ta rikukpika runakunapak sumak kawsaymi rikurin, tantanakushka runakunapak ayniku - namanta, kawsaypuramanta paykunapaklla allí kashkata rikuchikmi kan, shinapash ma - yhanpash chay yuyayta charishpaka chakru - rik shinami tantalla llamkankuna.
Shuk allí yuyachiyka kawsaypurata ri - kukkunata wiñachina mutsuriymi, hatun yachana wasikunapi katiy rikuytami wiña - china, ima shina chay kawsaypuramanta, shinallatak shukshinalla kawsaypura hawa llamkaykunata kamayta rurachunkuna, chay llamkaykunataka mamallaktapak kull - kiwanmi yanapana kan, allí imatapash rura - richun nishpaka (García 2007:85).
Ecuador mamallaktapak ishkay waranka, pu - sak patask watapi killkachishka kamachiypi kawsaypura yuyay ñan shina kakpika, tukuy yachaykunapimi churana kan, uchilla shina - llatak hatun yachaykunakama, tukuy mar - kakunapi, shinami kawsaypura llamkayka mana shuk pachalla, wakin yuyarishka pa - challa yachachinka, mana runakunapaklla - pash kanka, ashtawanpash tukuykunapakmi kanka.
Ecuador mama llaktaka, tukuy kamachiyku - napi killkashkanataka shina, kawsaypura, shukshinalla kawsaypura, sumak kawsay, piñanakuy allichiykunataka paktachinatak - mi kan, runakunapak hatun tantanakuyku - nawan wankurishpa ima shina kawsaypura yuyayta paktachinakunatami rurana kan.
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