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ECUADOR MAMALLAKTAPAK MAMAKAMACHIYTA (2008)

KUTIN YUYARINA

REPENSANDO LA CONSTITUCIÓN

ECUATORIANA DE 2008

UCHILLACHISKA YUYAY

RESUMEN

Kay killkaka, Ecuador Mamallaktapak shuk waranka iskunpatsak, iskun chunka pusak watapi

(1998) killkachishkata, shinallatak ishkay waranka pusak watapi (2008) killkachishka Ma-

makamachiykunatami chimpapurashpa rikuchin, tawka kawsay, tawka yuyay chikan chikan

kawsaypura yuyayta rikushpa, kay yuyaykunaka runakunapak mutsurishkakunata, hatun tan-

tankuykuna, mañaykunata rurankapak hillaykunami kan. Katipika, mama llaktapak kamay

imashina kamachinakuyta paktachishmanata, shinallatak tawkapura mama llaktapi sumkata

wankurishpa kawsankapak kunashkakunapashmi kan.

Sapi shimikuna: Maman llaktapak kamachiy, tawka kawsay, shukshinalla kawsay, tawkakaw-

sayuk, kawsaypura, kamachiymanta tapuykuna.

El texto analiza (a partir de las entrevistas, de la revisión bibliograca especializada y secun-

daria y demás materiales referentes al tema) la transición de la Constitución Política de la

República del Ecuador de 1998 a la del 2008; haciendo reexiones comparativas en el pasaje

de una Constitución pluricultural y multiétnica hacia una intercultural y plurinacional. Este

pasaje implica el cambio de tipología de sociedad ecuatoriana, al menos en teoría, y la manera

cómo estas categorías y postulados se constituyen en una caja de herramienta para las insur-

gencias y diálogos de los pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas frente a la estructura dominante.

Seguidamente, aborda los avances, límites y contradicciones de las prácticas y discursos cons-

titu¬cionales. Ambos conceptos: tanto la interculturalidad como la plurinacionalidad parecen

apuntalarse como una contrahegemonía ontológica, epistémica y política. Epistémicamente,

por ejemplo, resurgen o aparecen como saberes locales, aunque estos saberes se vuelven

en-

simismados; es decir, que son parte solamente de la población subalternizada, más allá de las

incorporaciones que se hacen a los mismos

en las academias, pero que son en su mayoría

marginales.

Palabras claves: Constitución, pluricultural, multiétnico, plurinacional,

referéndum.

Juan Illicachi Guzñay Rómulo Arteño Ramos

j.illicachi@uta.edu.ecu rramos@unach.edu.ec

Universidad Técnica de Ambato Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo

Fecha recepción: 30/01/2019

Fecha aceptación: 18/03/2019

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6283-6290

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-6546

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KALLARI YUYAY

Kay killkashka pankakunapika kay rima-

nakuykunmi awarishka: runakunapak

makanakuy, mamakamachiypak ñankuna;

shuk waranka, iskun patsak, iskun pusak wa-

tapi kilkachishka kamachiy; Ishkay waranka

pusak watapi killkachishka kamachiy; kaw-

saypurapak mama llaktapi tikra yuyaykuna,

shinallatak harkaykuanapash; shinallatak,

tukuripiy churashka yuyaykuna.

Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun kan-

chis wata, aymuray killapimi – Ecuador

mamallaktapika mama kamachiyta mus-

hukyachinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wi-

ñachinkapak ari mana nishpa tapuchirka,

chaypika hatun charikkunata alikachik, shi-

nallatak kullki sapa runakunami paykunapak

nishkata rurarkakuna, manapash ñukanchik

mañashkakunatami paykunapak allipaklla

mama kamachiyta mushukyachishpa, ma-

napash tukuykunata tapushpa ima shinami

ishkay waranka pusak watapi mama kama-

chiyta allichishka shina allichirkakuna.

Shinallatakmi, shuk waranka iskunpatsak,

iskun chusku wata, shuk punlla, kulla killa-

pi Zapatista nishka awkakunaka, México,

kiti San Cristóbal Chiapas llaktapi piñari-

shpa makanakuyta kallarichirka. Ishkantik

hatun llaktakun, runakunapak hatun tan-

tanakuykunamantami ñankunata pitishpa,

shinallatak kiti llaktakunata muyuchishpa

harkashpa, mana murukuta yaykuchishpa,

sinchi wankurita rurashpa, llaktata pusha-

kkuna paykunapak yuyashka, pacha ma-

mapi tiyakkunata kichushpa llamkaytaka

harkakkuna. Shinami, chay kimsa hatun tan-

tanakuykunaka mama llaktakunawan chim-

parashpa yuyaykunata kushpa, shinchita

makanakushpa kawsankapak wiñarinkuna.

Shinapash, shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun

pusak watapi killkashka hatun kamachiypi-

ka, kallari rikuchipika mushuk yuyaykuna-

tami churarkakuna: kawsaypura, shinalla-

tak tawka runakuna kawsayta rikuchiktami

churarkakuna. Chay punchakunamantami

kichwa runakuna, shinallatak yana runaku-

napash kamachyipika riksishka tukurka,

shinallatak paykunapak allpakuna, kawsay,

tantanakuy, ñawpa kawsay, ishkay shimipi

rimashpa yachay, makanakuykunata runaku-

nallatak allichinchunpash churarkakuna.

Shinami wakin makanakukkunaka ashallata-

pash kushiyarirkakuna, chay shuk waranka

iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi kallaripi

churashka yuyakunamanta, shinapash, ya-

chak runakunaka mana allikachinchu, as-

htawanpash wakin uchilla kamaykunapika

uchilla harkaykunata churashkamanta, ku-

tin, Confederación de Nacionalidadades y

Pueblos Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAE)

tantanakuy, shinallatak Pachakutik tanta-

nakushkakunaka chawpi chawpillapash kus-

hiyarinkunami, ashtawanka ecuador mama

kamachiypi runakunapak tawka kawsayku-

nata churashkamanta, kipamanka ñukanchik

llaktapi tawka kawsak runakunaka ñami

sumakta kawsashun yuyashpa. Chay tawka

runakunapak aynikunata riksishpa hatun ka-

maypi killkashkakunaka kayshuk karu llak-

takunapi killakashka shinami kan nishpa.

Pacha mama kasayta charikmi nishpa killka-

chishkaka maypipash mana rurashkata shuk

mushuk yuyayta katishpa kullkita hapinata-

mi rikuchin. Washaman tikrashpa rikukpika,

ñukanchik pacha mamaka mana kunan shina

kawsayukchu karka, ashtawanpash shuy ha-

yllita shina runakunak ukupi kashkatami ri-

kukkuna karka, kunanka Ecuador mamallak-

tapa kamachiypi pachamamaka kawsayta

charinmi nikpika shuk yalli allí ruryami kan,

maypipash mana shina yuyashkatami kunan

punllakunaka churashkanchik.

Chay killkakpak yuyayta uchillayachishpa

rikukpika, pachamamaka kawsayta charik,

kawsaymantami rimarina, allí yachakkuna

nishka shinaka, kawsayuk kashkamantami

kaparikun, tawka watakunata colonialismo

nishka llapishpa kawsashkamanta. Shinami

pachamamaka Ecuador mamallaktapak ka-

machiypika runakunapak mañashkata pak-

tachishka, shinapash kunan punllakunaka

pacha mama kawsayta charinmi nikushpa-

pash ecuador mama llaktata pushakka mana

paktachikunchu, ashtawanpash ñami ñawpa

yuyaypi shinallatak pacha mamataka kullki-

ta hapikapaklla kashkata rikushpa alliman-

talla shuk hatun karu llakta rantikkunaman

kukun.

Pacaha mama ishkay waranka pusak wata

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ºkamachiypi aynikunaka punllantami paki-

shpa mana paktachin, (yana wirata karu llak-

taman katushpa, yasunípi tiyak hillaykunata

llushichishpa katushpa, shinallatak shukta-

nata rurashpami yallitak llakichiku); ru-

nakuna makanakuykunata harkashpa, kapa-

rikkunata wichkachishpa, tantanakuykunata

rurankapak mana ari nishpa, Pachamamata

yanapakkunata chinkachishpa, mana allí ka-

chishpa tukuykunata mana allí rimashpa, allí

rikukpika, mana ima yuyaytapash kuypak,

nimata mana alikachishpa, ima allitapash

mana rurashpami llakichikun.

Rafael Correa, Ecuador Mama llaktata pus-

hak kashpaka mana yankamanta, asirishpa-

llachu rimarka, ashtawantakka runakunapak

wawsayta, kawsaypurata, yuyaykunatami

aharka, ñawpa salakuna runakunata llapi-

shpa kawsakkuna shina. Correa Pushakka,

yankata yachapashpami rimakkarka. Ñawpa

salakunaka makashpa kamishpapash, ku-

nan salalakunaka asishpa, kushiyashpa ru-

nakunata rimankuna, Correa shina. Correa

nikkarka; pachamamapak wawallakuna

nishpa, wawa runakuna, lluqui wawaku-

na nishpa, shinami kutin, mamam llaktapi

kawsak hatun tantanakuyta pushakkunapash

shukkunapash piñarishpa makanakuy kalla-

rinkuna. Shinami, runakunataka, rakishpa,

makanakuchishpa, wakllichishpa runakuna-

pak tantanakuykunataka llakiman aparka.

Chashna makanakushpa kallarishpaka mana

ima allíkunawan rinkunachu, ashtawanpash

chay mama kamachiypi killkashka kawsa-

ypura, tawkakuna shuk shinalla kawsayta

shinchiyachinapak rantika makanakuytami

kallarichin, chasnalla katishpaka ima alita

mana rurakushkatami rikuchin, kutinllatak

ñawpa kamachiypi rurashka shinallatak ni-

matapash mana mushukyachishpa apakus-

hkatami rikuchin.

Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun pu-

sak watapi mama kamachiypi churashka

tawkakawsay, achka kawsay, shinallatak

ishkay waranka pusaku watapi mama kama-

chiypi churashka shukshinalla kawsaypura,

shinallatak kawsaypura yuyakunata churas-

hkaka yalli mana kallpak shina runakuna-

pak llaki kawsaytami harkashka. Shinallatak

shuy yuyaypika kutin allí yuyarishpa, allí

rikushpa runakunapak kawsayta wiñchina-

tami rikuchin, shinallatak, yachay ukuman-

ta rikukpika runakunapak sumak kawsaymi

rikurin, tantanakushka runakunapak ayniku-

namanta, kawsaypuramanta paykunapaklla

allí kashkata rikuchikmi kan, shinapash ma-

yhanpash chay yuyayta charishpaka chakru-

rik shinami tantalla llamkankuna.

Shuk allí yuyachiyka kawsaypurata ri-

kukkunata wiñachina mutsuriymi, hatun

yachana wasikunapi katiy rikuytami wiña-

china, ima shina chay kawsaypuramanta,

shinallatak shukshinalla kawsaypura hawa

llamkaykunata kamayta rurachunkuna,

chay llamkaykunataka mamallaktapak kull-

kiwanmi yanapana kan, allí imatapash rura-

richun nishpaka.

YACHAYÑANA

Kay killkayta rurankapakka tawka yachay-

ñanakunami yanaparka: Kamachikunamanta

yachak warmikunata, karikunatami tawka

tapuykunata rurarkanchik. Ashka kutichi-

shkakunami kay killkashka wachukunapika

tiyakunkuna; kay killkashkata imashinami

ñawirishpa rikunkakuna.

Shinallatak, kamukkuna, shuktak killkashka

pankakunata ñawirishpami kay llankashka

pankakunaka rurarirka. Yuyaykunapura-

ta chimpapurachishpa, rimarishkakunata

wankurichishpa, piñanakuchishpa, awachi-

shpami, kay killkayka rurarishka.

Maypika, kay killkaypika chaymi waklli

wakllilla, alli rikushkakunatami kay ki-

llkaypika yuyaykuna awarishka.

Ashtawantakka, kay kinmsa yachayñana-

mi tinkirishpa killkaytaka yanapashka. Yu-

yaykuna, chimpapuranakuypika killkakpak

yuyaypashmi rikurin.

Kay killkashka yuyaykunaka imapakla alli-

kashkatami willan, shinallatak imalla illas-

hkatami rikuchin. Pillatak, mama kamachi-

kwanka alli kawsayta charina kashkatami

riluchin. Kay tapurikunapimi shuktak tapu-

ykunata rurarkanchik. Ima kamachikkuna-

llatak runakunapakka allli, allitak kawsayta

kushanin; Mamakamachikka tukuy runaku-

natachu ukllay, kuyanpash; Sumak kawsa-

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ypi purinkapakka pillatik llankanakanchik;

kamachikkunapi nishkashinachu kawsakun-

chik, mana kashpaka, ruraywan, yuyaywan

rakirishkachu kan. Ashtawantakka kay ta-

puykunami purirka mana runakunata ta-

punkapaklla, shinapash, kamukkunapipash

ñawirishpa tapurinkapak.

Shinapash, kay, yachayñanata purichinaka

sinchimi kan. Ñawpa pachakunapika, yu-

rak runakunaka, nishunpash, shuktak llakta-

manta shamuk runakunaka, ashtawantakaka,

Abya-Yala, llaktapi kawsakkunataka mana

yachankichikchu, ñukanchikmi yachanchik

nikmi karkakuna. Mashna yachaskapash

mana usharirkachu, yuyaypash chinkarirka-

mi, kawsakunapash wañurkami, runakuna-

ta, pushakkunatapash wañuchirkakunami.

Ñawpa taripak, llakichik, yurak amawtaku-

naka kapakmanmi katurirkakuna.

Chashna taripanaka, kay pachakunapi-

ka, sinchitami rimashka kashka: maypika

paykuna puralatak, maypika wakchakuna-

manta. Kunan pachapika, tapukunapish ya-

chanmi, tapushka runakunapash yachanku-

nami, tukuykunamu yachankuna. Maymanta

shamuk taripakkunapash shukta yuyayta,

shuktak kawsayta, shuktak yachayta, shuk-

tak runakunata paypak kawsayta shinllatak-

mi kuyana kan. Mana, taripakpak kawsay

shinachu kan nishpaka, shuktak kawsayku-

nata llapinallachu kan.

Taripayta rurak runakunaka, mana, payku-

napak kamukkunata killkashpallachu sakiri-

na kan, ashtawankari, maypi tapurishkapak

kawsayta allichishpa ñawpakman apanami

kan. Taripakkuna alli kawstami mashkana

kan. Yachakkunapak, killkakkunapak kari-

pak, warmipak, yuyakkunapak, wawakuna-

pak kawsaykunapimi wankurina kan.

Kay killkashka pankakunaka mana runaku-

napak kishpirinatachu karan, shinapash as-

haku yuyayakunawanmi yanaparin. Shina-

pash, ñawpa yachayñanataka shakishpami,

shuktak yachayñanata ushashkanchik. Chay

yachayñanaka chinpapura yachaymi kan,

wankurinakuhspa killkaymi kan. Yachayña-

na minka nishpa tukuchishun. Kay Yacha-

yñanamanataka shuktak killkakunapi ash-

tawan yuyarushpaka allichari kanman.

RIKUSHKA CHIMPAPURA-

NAKUY

1. RUNAKUNAPAK MAKANAKUY,

MAMAKAMACHIYPAK ÑANKUNA

Ecuador ama llaktapi kawsak runaka mana

hawallachu kawsaypak mutsuykunatka

charishkakuna, ashpawampash sinchita

makanakushpa, hatun tantanakuykunawan

wankurinakushpami mañaykunataka cha-

rikkuna kashka, kunan punllakunakamami

Abya yala tantanakuykunawan minkarishpa

makanakunkuna. Shina: Abya yala hatun

llaktapika, ishkay makanakuykunami tiyas-

hka rikurin. Ecuador Mamallaktapi shuk

waranka iskun ptsak, iskun chunka watapi

shuk hatun runakuna hatari makanakuy ti-

yarka, kutin, chay watakunallatakmi Bolivia

llaktapipash runakunaka tukuy ñankunata

harkashpa llaktata pushakkunawan maka-

nakuy tiyarka. Chay ishkay ruraykunaka

makanakunkapak mushuk tantanakuykunata

wiñachishpa wankurishpa llaktata wichiman

pushana kashkatami rikuchin “chay hatun

ruraykunataka kunan kawsaypak yachanami

tukun” (García 2003:195).

Shinallatakmi, shuk waranka iskunpatsak,

iskun chusku wata, shuk punlla, kulla ki-

llapi Zapatista nishka awkakunaka, México

kiti San Cristóbal Chiapas llaktapi piñari-

shpa makanakuyta kallarichirka (Wallers-

tein 2008). Ishkantik hatun llaktakuna (Bo-

livia shinallatak Ecuador), runakunapak

hatun tantanakuykunamantami ñankunata

pitishpa, shinallatak kiti llaktakunata muyu-

chishpa harkashpa, mana murukuta yayku-

chishpa, sinchi wankurita rurashpa, llaktata

pushakkuna paykunapak yuyashka, pacha

mamapi tiyakkunata kichushpa llamkaytaka

harkakkuna. (Gutierrez 2009: 95). Shinami,

chay kimsa hatun tantanakuykunaka mama

llaktakunawan chimparashpa yuyaykuna-

ta kushpa, shinchita makanakushpa kaw-

sankapak wiñarinkuna.

Wakinpika, runakunapak tantanakuy mañas-

hkakuna, makanakuykunaka mana Mama-

llaktapak ruraykunata wakllichishpa panta

mañaykunachu kan, ima shinami Teresa Sie-

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rra chay guerrero llaktapi chapak hawaman-

ta rikushka shinaka:

Shuk waranka, iskun patsak, is-

kun chunka, pichka watamantami,

uchillallaktapi tantanakushpami

yuyarikkuna, wañuchina illapa

hillaykunata chay Costa Chica,

Guerrero chusku chunka, pusak

Awkakunata pushakkuna ukupi ri-

kuchishpa killkachirkakuna. Shi-

nami chay llaktapi chapakkunaka

mana mamallaktapak tikraman

ruraykunata rurana kashkata riku-

chin, ashtawanpash shuway llaki-

kunata wankurishpa allichinkapak-

mi kan, mana mamallakta allichi

tukushkamanta. (Sierra 2009:14)

Ecuador mamallaktapi wiñachishka runaku-

napak hatun tantanakuypash mana tikraman

llaktata llakichinkapakchu kan. Tukuy ru-

raykuna, shinallatak mañaykunapash kama-

ykunata paktachishpami kawsankuna. Wa-

kinpika, shina paktachikunaka runakunata

muspachinkapakmi kan, ama piñarishpa

mañaykunata rurachun, shinami makanakuk

runakunata mana makanakuk runakunata

rurankuna (Poole 2008). Mamallaktamanta

chashna muspachisha nikpipash, runakuna-

pak hatun tantanakuykunaka uramanta ha-

nakmanta makunakushpami paktachiykunta

shinallatak mañaykunatapash hapishkakuna,

shina: mushuk kamachiyta rurachirka.

2. SHUK WARANKA, ISKUN PATSAK,

ISKUN PUSAK WATAPI KILKACHI-

SHKA KAMACHIY

Shuk waranka, iskun patsak, iskun kanchis

wata, ishkay chunka pichka punlla, aymu-

ray killapimi Ecuador mamallaktapika ha-

tun tapuy tiyarka, tukuy kiti llaktakumanta

tantanakushpa hatun kamachiyta kutin alli-

chishpa killakankapak. Shinami, chay shuy

waranka iskun patsak, iskun kanchis wata,

ishkay chunka punlla, kayak killapi, llaktapi

kawsakkuna ari nishkawan kamayta killka

kallarirkakuna, chay llankaytaka ñawpa pus-

hak Oswaldo Hurtado aparka, kipamanka

Luis Mejía Montesdeoca mishumi chay tan-

tanakuytaka pusharka.

Kaytami yuyarina kanchik, llakpi tukuy

kawsakkunaka tantanakushpa kamayta alli-

chinmi ari nirka, shinapash, achkata charik

tantanakushka millay mishukuna tantanakus-

hpaka paykunata nishkatami rurarkakuna,

ashtawanpash mana ari nishkakunakamami

tukuyta kamachiytaka mushukyachirkaku-

na. Shinami, chay kipaka shuk waranka is-

kun pastak, iskun pusak wata, pichka punlla

inti killapi, Riobamba llaktapi mana ni pi-

tapash tapushpalla hatun mushukyachishka

kamachiytaka karwa killapi, chay watallatak

ña ari nishpa churarkakuna.

Shinapash, shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun

pusak watapi killkashka hatun kamachiypi-

ka, kallari rikuchipika mushuk yuyaykuna-

tami churarkakuna: kawsaypura, shinalla-

tak tawka runakuna kawsayta rikuchiktami

churarkakuna. Chay punllakunamantami

kichwa runakuna, shinallatak yana runaku-

napash kamachyipika riksishka tukurka,

shinallatak paykunapak allpakuna, kawsay,

tantanakuy, ñawpa kawsay, ishkay shimipi

rimashpa yachay, makanakuykunata runaku-

nallatak allichinchunpash churarkakuna.

Shinami wakin makanakukkunaka ashallata-

pash kushiyarirkakuna, chay shuk waranka

iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi punta-

pi churashka yuyakunamanta, shinapash

Agustín Grijalva yachakka (2008) mana

allikachinchu, ashtawanpash wakin uchilla

kamaykunapika uchilla harkaykunata chu-

rashkamanta, kutin, CONAIE tantanakuy,

shinallatak Pachakutik tantanakushkaku-

naka chawpi chawpillapash kushiyarinkuna-

mi, ashtawanka ecuador mama kamachiypi

runakunapak tawka kawsaykunata churas-

hkamanta, kipamanka ñukanchik llaktapi

tawka kawsak runakunaka ñami sumakta

kawsashun yuyashpa. Chay tawka runaku-

napak aynikunata riksishpa hatun kamaypi

killkashkakunaka kayshuk karu llaktakunapi

killakashka shinami kan nishpa: Colombia

1991, Perú 1993, Bolivia 1994, Venezuela

1999 (Becker 2015).

Ecuador mama llaktapi tiyak hatun runaku-

napak tantanakuykunaka, chay shuk waranka

iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi killkashka

kamachiyta pushakkuna mana pakchikta ri-

kushpaka, kutinmi shinchita mañaykunata

rurashpa makanakuykunawan kallarirkaku-

na. Shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak

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watapi killkashka kamachiyka achka allí

yuyaykunatami charin, rimaykunata, ayni-

kuna, hanpirinamanta, yachaymanta, ash-

tawanpash ishkay waranka pusak watapi ki-

llkachishka kamachiyka ñawpa kamachiypi

churashka yuyaykunata sinchiyachishpami

killkachin.

3. ISHKAY WARANKA PUSAK WATA-

PI KILLKACHISHKA KAMACHIY

Rafael Correa Delgado, allí yachak,llaktata

pushankapak mushuk yuyayta charik, allí

yachachaik, amawta, kullki kamayuk, Al-

fredo Palacio pushakuy watakunapimi riksi-

shka tuparka, ishkay waranka sukta watapi-

mi Ecuador mamallaktapak pushak tukurka.

Pichka chunka, sukta chunka kanchis aspi-

wanmi (56,67%), Ishkay chunka punlla, sasi

killapimi chay achka kullkisapa Alvaro No-

boa ishkay kutin mishanakuypi misharka,

chaypak washaka ishkay waranka kanchis

wata, chunka pichka kulla killapimi ña llak-

tata pushankapak kallarirka.

Tukuymanta yalli paypak yuyay churaskaka

mamallaktapak kamachiyta mushukyachi-

chinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wiñachinata-

mi rurasha nishpa yaykurka, shinallatak ru-

nakunata hatun tantankuy pushakkunawan,

kayshuk tantanakuyta pushkunawanpash,

llukimanta yuyayta charik tantanakuynata

tantachishpa pushanatami kallarirka. (Parti-

do Socialista, Pachakutik, Movimiento Po-

pular Democrático, Izquierda Democrática,

Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano).

Shinami, Rafael Correa Ecuador Mamallak-

tata pushak yaykushpaka, ishkay chunka

pichka punlla, kulla killa, ishkay patsak

kanchis watapi hatun tapuyta rurankapak

kayachirka. Kimsa killa washa, pay pus-

hankapak yaykushka kashpami kayachir-

ka ari mana ninchunkuna, shinaka, chunka

pichka ayriwa killa, ishkay patsak kanchis

watapi ña kayachikpika ecuador mamallak-

tapi tukuy kawsakkunaka pusak chunka yu-

paykunawan (80%) ari, mushuk kamachiyta

killkachun shuk tananakuyta wiñachichun

nishpa mishachirka (Becquer 2015). Ña,

kimsa chunka punlla, kuski killa, ishkay

waranka kanchis watapi kayachikpika pat-

sak kimsa chunkamantaka, pusak runaku-

na paypak wiñachishka llaktata pushaypak

ukumanta muisharka, chasnami chunka shuk

marka llaktakunamanta misharkakuna.

Kutin, shamuk wata, ishkay chunka pusak

punlla, sasi killa, ishkay patsak wata kaya-

chipika sukta chunka kimsa, iskun chunka

kimsa aspikunawanmi ari nirkakuna, ku-

tin, ishkay chunka pusak, chunkakunallami

mana nirkakuna, mana allí aspishkakunaka

kanchis, ishkay chunka kimsakunatami as-

pirkakuna, Guayaquil llaktallapimi mana

nishpaka misharka, (chusku chunka, iskun

kanchis yapaykunawan mana nirka, shi-

nallatak, chusku chunka, sukta pusaku yu-

paykunaka ari nirka).

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Kay suyushkakunapika (1 y 2) imashina

Mama Llaktapi pushakkunata akllashkaku-

natami rikuchin: arinishkakuna (63, 93%),

mananishkakuna (28%), sinallatak waklli-

shkakunatapash (7,23%). Ñukanchik yu-

yaypika, kay yupaykunaka mamallaktapak

akllaykunapak tandanakuyka allí kawsayta-

mi rikuchin. Astawantakka, kay 63,93% ari-

nishka yupaykunami Ecuador, Mama Llak-

tapi allí tantanakushkata rikuchin. Mama

Llaktata pushakpahs sinchi sinchitami sha-

yarishpa yuyarishpapash pushanka. Shi-

naka, karipak, warmipak, wawakunapak,

yuyakkunapakmi allí kawasaykunakanka.

Chay hatun kayachiypi mishayka, runaku-

napak hatun tantanakuy yanapashpa llankas-

hkamantami misharka. mana Correa pusha-

kllachu mishashka, runakunapak tantanakuy

wankurishkakunami mishan nishpami Ana

María Anaguarqui Chimborazo markamanta

runakunapak tantanakuy pushkka nirka. Ima

shinami Venezuela llaktapi waranka iskun

patsak, iskun chunka iskun watapi killkashka

kamachiy shina, ñukanchik Ecuador mama-

llakta kamachiyka tukuytami ukumanta mus-

huk yuyaykunta churarkakuna, chasnami

mushuk pushakkunatapash akllana tukurka,

kiti llaktamanta kallarishpa, kamaykunata

rikukunata, shinallatak mamallaktata pusha-

kkama, (Becker 2015). Achka kawysakku-

namanta shinallatak tawka runakunamanta,

shuk kawsaypura, shinallatak tawkakuna

shukshinalla kawsayta charishkata rikuchik

yuyayta churaskami ashtawanka sumak allí

karka.

Shuk niki.- Ecuador Mamallakta

mamakamachiy hayñi, kishpiri-

yshka runakunapak, llakta-ushay,

hawaman awkiyak, kikinlla, tan-

tachik kawsaypura kawsay, tawka

kawsayyuk, mana iñipash ki-

kinyashka Mamallaktami kan,

Kay hatun llaktaka Mamalakta

shinami tantarin, shinapash mar-

kakunapi. llaktakunapi, karu-

manta kamachishpami pushan.

Mamallaktaka awkikayka llak-

tapimi minkarin, kamachikka

paykunapak munaypimi sapi-

yarin, runakunapaktantanakuy

ushaywan paktachin, paykuna-

pak yachaywan chaypi kashpa

Mamakachiypi ima shina ikta

hawaman churashpa pushan.

Mamallaktapak allpa llaktapi ti-

yakkuna mana kutin wiñarik kakta,

mamallaktapak charishkata, mana

shitanalla, mana pipash yaykuna-

lla, mana katunalla, wiñaypak cha-

rinallami kan. (Becker 2015: 120).

Kay yuyayta churashkaka, Ecuador mama-

llakatapi tawka kawsaypura, chunka kimsa

llakta kawsay, shinallatak yalli pachaka mi-

shukunawan tantalla kawsayta rikushkatami

umanachin. (Trujillo 2012; Becker 2015)

shinallatak kimsa yuyaykunatami rikuchin

(Shuk) Ecuador mamallaktapika

tawka tantanakushka runakuna kaw-

sashkata, ashtawanpash mana shuk-

lla tantarishka runakunallachu kaw-

san nishpa riksirishkatami rikuchin.

(ishkay) Shuy sumak yuyaypika,

tukuykuna sumakta kawshuk chays-

huk wankurishpa mana makanakus-

hpalla shinallatak mana kayshukka

hatun tukushpalla makipurashpa

kawsachun yuyaytami rikuchin.

(kimsa) Ña kipawanka, shuk tan-

tanakushka runakulla, kayshukku-

nata mana alikhishpa kawsanata

kunkarichun nishpa hatun yuyayta-

mi rikuchin (Ávila 2012:283).

Shinamari, kawsaypura rikuchiyka tukuy

kawsaypi mamallaktapak kamachiy mutsu-

rishka kana kashkata rikuchin, kay yuyaku-

naka allí kawsaypi, mama llaktapak kallari-

pi, shinallatak tukuy mama kamachiypimi

rikurin (Ávila 2012). Katherine Walsh ri-

kuypika (2009-2012) chay sumak yuyayku-

naka, ñawpa runakunapak kawsaymanta

hapishkakunami kan, paykuanaka mama-

llaktamanta chikanchishka, waklichishkami

kawsakkuna karka.

Kutin, paykunapak sumak yuyaykunata

mama kamchiypi churashpa killkashkaka

aschka allimi kan, chaymantami llaktata

pushakkunaka paykunataka sinchiyachishpa

sumakta tantalla pushana (Grijalva 2008).

Llaktata pushak Rafael Correa, mana tanta-

lla tawka runakuawan ecudor mamallaktata

pushashkamantami runakunaka piñarishpa

chinkanyarishpa anchurkakuna. Ecuador

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mamakamachiypika shuk sumak rikuytami

churarkakuna pachamamapak aynitami ki-

llkachirka, kaykamaka pachamaka shuy ha-

ylli shinallami rikushka karka, kunanmanta

ñawpakmanka pachamamaka kawsayta cha-

rikta rikushkami kan (Acosta 2014:323).

Pacha mama kasayta charikmi nishpa killka-

chishkaka maypipash mana rurashkata shuk

mushuk yuyayta katishpa kullkita hapinata-

mi rikuchin. Washaman tikrashpa rikukpika,

ñukanchik pacha mamaka mana kunan shi-

na kawsayukchu karka, ashtawanpash shuy

hayllita shina runakunak ukupi kashkatami

rikukkuna karka, (Cartesinopak yuyay), ku-

nanka ecuador mamallaktapa kamachiypi

pachamamaka kawsayta charinmi nikpika

shuk yalli allí ruryami kan, maypipash mana

shina yuyashkatami kunan punllakunaka

churashkanchik (Walsh 2012).

Chay killkakpak yuyayta uchillayachishpa

rikukpika, pachamamaka kawsayta charik,

kawsaymanta rimarina, Hinkelammert ni-

shka shinaka, kawsayuk kashkamantami

kaparikun, tawka watakunata colonialismo

nishka llapishpa kawsashkamanta. Shinami

pachamamaka ecuador mamallaktapak ka-

machiypika runakunapak mañashkata pak-

tachishka, shinapash kunan punllakunaka

pacha mama kawsayta charinmi nikushpa-

pash ecuador mama llaktata pushakka mana

paktachikunchu, ashtawanpash ñami ñawpa

yuyaypi shinallatak pacha mamataka kullki-

ta hapikapaklla kashkata rikushpa alliman-

talla shuk hatun karu llakta rantikkunaman

kukun.

Pacaha mama ishkay waranka pusak wata

kamachiypi aynikunaka punllantami paki-

shpa mana paktachin, (yana wirata karu llak-

taman katushpa, yasunípi tiyak hillaykunata

llushichishpa katushpa, shinallatak shukta-

nata rurashpami yallitak llakichiku); ru-

nakuna makanakuykunata harkashpa, kapa-

rikkunata wichkachishpa, tantanakuykunata

rurankapak mana ari nishpa, Pachamamata

yanapakkunata chinkachishpa, mana allí

kachishpa tukuykunata mana allí rimashpa,

(Sierra 2014:36), allí rikukpika, mana ima

yuyaytapash kuypak, nimata mana alikachi-

shpa, ima allitapash mana rurashpami llaki-

chikun (Ospina 2009).

Shinallatak, ñukanchik, Mamallaktata pus-

hakkunaka; pi kashpapash, maykan kas-

hpapash, wiñay kawsaypimi runakunataka

llakichishpa, wañuchishpa, shamushkaku-

na. Shina, runakunapak kawsay kakpipash,

manatak llakillachu kawsashkakuna, imala-

pash, imashinapsh pukllaywan, ushaywan,

munaywan, yachaywanmi ñawpakman kati-

kmushkakuna.

Chasna makanakushpa kallarishpaka mana

ima allíkunawan rinkunachu, ashtawanpash

chay mama kamachiypi killkashka kawsa-

ypura, tawkakuna shuk shinalla kawsayta

shinchiyachinapak rantika makanakuytami

kallarichin, chasnalla katishpaka ima alita

mana rurakushkatami rikuchin, kutinllatak

ñawpa kamachiypi rurashka shinallatak ni-

matapash mana mushukyachishpa apakus-

hkatami rikuchin.

4. KAWSAYPURAPAK MAMA LLAK-

TAPI TIKRA YUYAKUNA, SHINALLA-

TAK HARKAYKUANAPASH

Kaysaypurata shinallatak shukshinalla

tawka kawsaykunata shuk mamallaktapi

churashkaka shuk “hayllikuna shinami kan”

(Foucault 2010), shuktakkunapak kawsa-

ykunata riksinkapak, kipanchishpa pakashka

kakpi rikurinapak, shinallatak pakalla kaw-

sakushta rikuchinkapak. Kawsaypurayuk

mamallaktapika wakchalla llakilla kawsa-

naka mana pakashka kanachu (Ávila 2012).

Shuktakkunapak kawsaykunata riksinaka,

sumakta yachana kikin yachaskata tikra

kunkarishpa yachaypakmi kan, chay hatun

tantanakushka runakuna, kayshuk uchilla

tantanakushka kawsaykunata yachanaka

achka mutsurishkami, tantalla llamkana,

ñukanchik kiwakunallawantak hampirina-

manta, warmikuta alikachishpa kawsay-

manta yachanakuna, kutin, kawshuk hatun

llaktakunapak kawsaykunaka achka yanka-

manta wañuykuna, shinallatak shuk hampi-

kunawan hampirishpa kawsaytami apamus-

hka (Ávila 2012). Shina yachaykunataka,

kashnami shutichinchik kawsaypura yachay.

Shimami kay mutsurinamanta rikukpika

yachay pampakunapi, shinallatak yachana

ukukunapipash kutin allí yachachina kan-

chik, kawsaypura shukshinalla tukushpa

yachaytami ruray tukunchik (Walsh 2013),

chasshna millay yuyay ñukanchik ukupi ti-

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yashpa hatun tukuna yuyayta, shinallatak pi-

tapash mana alikachishpa kawsana yuyayta

kukpi kunkarinkapak (Foucault 2014:16).

Shinami, kay mamallaktapi kawsaypurata

sinchiyachinaka mana shuk yanka rimay-

lla kay. Paktaykunaka mana kamaykunapa

killkashkallachu kana kan, yachay wasi-

pi wawakunata yachachinkapaklla, hatun

pushayta wiñachishpalla, karu rikuypi ri-

kurinkapakllachu kana kan. Ashtawanpash

mamallakatapi kawsaypuramanta rimayka

hatun paktaykunapakmi, tukuy runakuna

wankurinakushpa sumakta kawsankapakmi

kan (Ávila 2012:378).

Hatun yuyarina, tapuy punchakunapimi kaw-

sanchik, ashalla waklishka yuyaykunata kus-

hpami kawsanchik (De Sousa Santos 2010)

mana killkana pataku washamanta sumakta

rimashpalla makipi waktayta chaskinkapak-

llachu kan, “imallatapash ashtawanmi rura-

na kanchik” (R. M. Illicachi, comunicación

personal, 18 de enero de 2019).

Kutinllatakmi yuyachini, kawsaypuramanta

llankankapakka yachay ukumantami kalla-

rin, yachana wasi ukumantami wiñachina-

Imatatak yachana wasika wiñachin- Yachana

wasika kawsaypura wankurishpa kawsayta,

mana kashpaka sapalla kawsanatami yacha-

chi tukun. Yachana wasi ukupimi rikchachi,

mana kashpaka kawsaypuramanta, shukshi-

naklla kawsayta chikakachichun yachachin,

chaymantami tawka llamkaykunata rurana

kanchik, shina: yuyaykunata chimpapuras-

hpa tantanakuy, killkanata killkakatishpa,

yachana kamukunata killkashpa, sumak kaw-

saymanta, tantalla kawsaymanta shukkuna-

mantapash. Kawsaypuramanta, shukshinalla

kawsaymanta, twka tanatanakuy kawsay-

manta, shukshina kawsaymanta rikunkapak

killkakunaka achkakunami tiyan, shinapash

imashina yachay ukunamanta llamkanaka

mana achkachu rikurin (Martínez 2007).

Kawsaypuramanta, shukshinalla kawsa-

ypuramanta, sumak kawsaymanta hatun

yachana wasikunapi, uchilla yachana wasi-

kunapi yachachiyka mana kichwa runaku-

napakllachu kana kan, ashtawanpash tuku-

ykunapakmi minkashka kan. Mamallaktapi

kawsaypura, shukshinalla kawsaypurata sin-

chiyachinkapakka tukuylla yachanana wasi-

kunapi, shinallatak tukuy yachaykunapimi

yachachina kan, “yachankapakka ñawpaman

yachaskata kunkarishpami yachana” (Wal-

sh 2013), “chimpapurashpa wankurishpa

rurayta katinami allí kanman yuyanimi”

(Foucault 2014:14), mana kawsaypura ima

kashkata yachankapaklla, ashtawanpash

kawsaypak ima allí pushaypak, mana maka-

nashpa kawsaypak, mana alikachishpa

kawsayta sakishpa sumakta shuk shinalla

tawkakuna kashpapash kawsankapak.

Karu llaktapi killkachishka kamchiykuna-

pash llamkaymanta pushak 169, muyun-

tik llaktapak killkashka UNESCO nishka

shinaka, sinchitami llankana kan, ecuador

mamallaktapika manatak ayllu ukupi ya-

chay, llaktakunapi, apunchikta yachana wasi

ukukunamanta chikanchishpa llankanachu,

ashtawanpash anta uyarianta, yachana wa-

sikunamanta tukuy manyakunamantami

kawsaypurata, shukshinalla kawsaypuratka

yachachina kanchik mana shina llankakpika

sumak rimashka, allí kamachiyta charishka-

ta rikuchikllami sakirinka.

Kawsaypura yachayta mana hawamanta

churashkalla kachunka, ayllumanta wiñachi-

shkami kana kan, paykunami ñawpa llaki

kawsaytaka yachankuna, paykunami rima-

nakushpa kawsanataka mañankuna, shinami

kikinyarishpa shukshina yuyashpapash kaw-

sanata charinkuna (Ávila 2012:304), runaku-

napak hatun tantanakuy, yana runakunapak

tantanakuy, shinallatak llukichishka yuyayta

pushakkuna sinchita kaparishpa mushuk

kawsayta wiñachinkuna, paykunaka mana

pushak tukunkallapak, mañaykunata maka-

nakuyta pushankapakllachu llankankuna,

ashtawanpash kunan pachakunaka runaku-

napak tantanakuykunaka sumak kawsaypak

allí yachaykunata yuyarinakushpa chu-

rankapak, ima shina kawsaypurata yachay

ukukunamanta churankapakmi kankuna

(Escobar 2001), shinami, kichwa runakuna,

yana runakuna, mishukunapash wankuri-

nakushpa shukshinalla tawka yuyakunawan

llaktata sinchiyachiyachinkakuna.

Kay yuyaypimi awarin, Norma Bayas rima-

rishka: “Ñukanchik kamachikunaka, tuku-

ykunatami kuyaya kan, pita mana llakichina-

chun kan. Kunan pachaka, ñawi allí kawsana

kanchik, chimpapura rikunakushpa, makita

kunakushpa, shunkuwantak kuyanakushpa.

Mana shunkumanta kuyanakukpika ima allí

kamachikkuna tiyakpipash mana, imapak

mana ushunkachu” (N. Bayas, comunicación

personal, 15 de marzo de 2019). Chashna

kakpika, nipakmi kanchik, kamachikkunaka

allimi tiyashka; shinaka, kamachikukunata

purichikkunami waklli, waklli kashkakuna.

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TUKURIPIY CHURASHKA YUYAYKUNA

Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun kan-

chis wata, aymuray killapimi – Ecuador

mamallaktapika mama kamachiyta mus-

hukyachinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wi-

ñachinkapak ari mana nishpa tapuchirka,

chaypika hatun charikkunata alikachik, shi-

nallatak kullki sapa runakunami paykunapak

nishkata rurarkakuna, manapash ñukanchik

mañashkakunatami paykunapak allipaklla

mama kamachiyta mushukyachishpa, ma-

napash tukuykunata tapushpa ima shinami

ishkay waranka pusak watapi mama kama-

chiyta allichishka shina allichirkakuna.

Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun pu-

sak watapi mama kamachiypi churashka

tawkakawsay, achka kawsay, shinallatak

ishkay waranka pusaku watapi mama kama-

chiypi churashka shukshinalla kawsaypura,

shinallatak kawsaypura yuyakunata churas-

hkaka yalli mana kallpak shina runakuna-

pak llaki kawsaytami harkashka. Shinallatak

shuy yuyaypika kutin allí yuyarishpa, allí

rikushpa runakunapak kawsayta wiñchina-

tami rikuchin, shinallatak, yachay ukuman-

ta rikukpika runakunapak sumak kawsaymi

rikurin, tantanakushka runakunapak ayniku-

namanta, kawsaypuramanta paykunapaklla

allí kashkata rikuchikmi kan, shinapash ma-

yhanpash chay yuyayta charishpaka chakru-

rik shinami tantalla llamkankuna.

Shuk allí yuyachiyka kawsaypurata ri-

kukkunata wiñachina mutsuriymi, hatun

yachana wasikunapi katiy rikuytami wiña-

china, ima shina chay kawsaypuramanta,

shinallatak shukshinalla kawsaypura hawa

llamkaykunata kamayta rurachunkuna,

chay llamkaykunataka mamallaktapak kull-

kiwanmi yanapana kan, allí imatapash rura-

richun nishpaka (García 2007:85).

Ecuador mamallaktapak ishkay waranka, pu-

sak patask watapi killkachishka kamachiypi

kawsaypura yuyay ñan shina kakpika, tukuy

yachaykunapimi churana kan, uchilla shina-

llatak hatun yachaykunakama, tukuy mar-

kakunapi, shinami kawsaypura llamkayka

mana shuk pachalla, wakin yuyarishka pa-

challa yachachinka, mana runakunapaklla-

pash kanka, ashtawanpash tukuykunapakmi

kanka.

Ecuador mama llaktaka, tukuy kamachiyku-

napi killkashkanataka shina, kawsaypura,

shukshinalla kawsaypura, sumak kawsay,

piñanakuy allichiykunataka paktachinatak-

mi kan, runakunapak hatun tantanakuyku-

nawan wankurishpa ima shina kawsaypura

yuyayta paktachinakunatami rurana kan.

Acosta, A. (2104). El Buen Vivir como alternati-

va al desarrollo: reflexiones desde la perife-

ria de la periferia. En José Luis Coraggio

y Jean Louis Laville (eds.) Reinventar la iz-

quierda en el siglo XXI (p.p. 317-320). Quito:

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