REVISTA CHAKIÑAN, 2019, Nº.7, ABRIL, (5-15)

ISSN 2550-6722

ECUADOR MAMALLAKTAPAK MAMAKAMACHIYTA (2008)

KUTIN YUYARINA

REPENSANDO LA CONSTITUCIÓN ECUATORIANA DE 2008

RETHINKING THE ECUADORIAN CONSTITUTION OF 2008

UCHILLACHISKA YUYAY

Kay killkaka, Ecuador Mamallaktapak shuk waranka iskunpatsak, iskun chunka pusak watapi

(1998) killkachishkata, shinallatak ishkay waranka pusak watapi (2008) killkachishka Ma-

makamachiykunatami chimpapurashpa rikuchin, tawka kawsay, tawka yuyay chikan chikan

kawsaypura yuyayta rikushpa, kay yuyaykunaka runakunapak mutsurishkakunata, hatun tan-

tankuykuna, mañaykunata rurankapak hillaykunami kan. Katipika, mama llaktapak kamay

imashina kamachinakuyta paktachishmanata, shinallatak tawkapura mama llaktapi sumkata

wankurishpa kawsankapak kunashkakunapashmi kan.

Sapi shimikuna: Maman llaktapak kamachiy, tawka kawsay, shukshinalla kawsay, tawkakaw-

sayuk, kawsaypura, kamachiymanta tapuykuna.

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT

El texto analiza (a partir de las entrevistas, de la revisión

The text analyzes (from the interviews, the specialized and

bibliografica especializada y secundaria y demás materiales

secondary bibliographic review and other materials related

referentes al tema) la transición de la Constitución Política

to the subject) the transition of the Political Constitution of

de la República del Ecuador de 1998 a la del 2008; haciendo

the Republic of Ecuador from 1998 to that of 2008. Making

reflexiones comparativas en el pasaje de una Constitución

comparative reflections on the passage of a multicultural

pluricultural y multiétnica hacia una intercultural y

and multiethnic Constitution towards an intercultural and

plurinacional. Este pasaje implica el cambio de tipología de

plurinational one. This passage implies the change of

sociedad ecuatoriana, al menos en teoría, y la manera cómo

typology of Ecuadorian society, at least in theory, and how

estas categorías y postulados se constituyen en una caja de

these categories and postulates constitute a toolbox for the

herramienta para las insurgencias y diálogos de los pueblos

insurgencies and dialogues of indigenous peoples and

y nacionalidades indígenas frente a la estructura dominante.

nationalities against the dominant structure. Next, it

Seguidamente, aborda los avances, límites y contradicciones

addresses the advances, limits and contradictions of

de las prácticas y discursos constitucionales. Ambos

constitutional practices and discourses. Both concepts: both

conceptos: tanto la interculturalidad

como la

interculturality and plurinationality seem to be underpinned

plurinacionalidad parecen apuntalarse como una

as an ontological, epistemic and political counterhegemony.

contrahegemonía ontológica, epistémica y política.

Epistemically, for example, they resurface or appear as local

Epistémicamente, por ejemplo, resurgen o aparecen como

knowledge, although this knowledge becomes self-absorbed;

saberes locales, aunque estos saberes se vuelven

that is to say, that they are only part of the subalternate

ensimismados; es decir, que son parte solamente de la

population, beyond the incorporations that are made to them

población subalternizada, más allá de las incorporaciones

in the academies, but that is mostly marginal.

que se hacen a los mismos en las academias, pero que son en

su mayoría marginales.

Keywords: Constitution, multicultural,

multiethnic,

plurinational, referendum.

Palabras claves: Constitución, pluricultural, multiétnico,

plurinacional, referéndum.

Juan Illicachi Guzñay

Rómulo Arteño Ramos

j.illicachi@uta.edu.ecu

rramos@unach.edu.ec

Universidad Técnica de Ambato

Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6283-6290

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-6546

Fecha recepción: 30/01/2019

Fecha aceptación: 18/03/2018

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rimashpa yachay, makanakuykunata runaku-

KALLARI YUYAY

nallatak allichinchunpash churarkakuna.

Shinami wakin makanakukkunaka ashallata-

Kay killkashka pankakunapika kay rima-

pash kushiyarirkakuna, chay shuk waranka

nakuykunmi awarishka:

runakunapak

iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi kallaripi

makanakuy, mamakamachiypak ñankuna;

churashka yuyakunamanta, shinapash, ya-

shuk waranka, iskun patsak, iskun pusak wa-

chak runakunaka mana allikachinchu, as-

tapi kilkachishka kamachiy; Ishkay waranka

htawanpash wakin uchilla kamaykunapika

pusak watapi killkachishka kamachiy; kaw-

uchilla harkaykunata churashkamanta, ku-

saypurapak mama llaktapi tikra yuyaykuna,

tin, Confederación de Nacionalidadades y

shinallatak harkaykuanapash; shinallatak,

Pueblos Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAE)

tukuripiy churashka yuyaykuna.

tantanakuy, shinallatak Pachakutik tanta-

Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun kan-

nakushkakunaka chawpi chawpillapash kus-

chis wata, aymuray killapimi

- Ecuador

hiyarinkunami, ashtawanka ecuador mama

mamallaktapika mama kamachiyta mus-

kamachiypi runakunapak tawka kawsayku-

hukyachinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wi-

nata churashkamanta, kipamanka ñukanchik

ñachinkapak ari mana nishpa tapuchirka,

llaktapi tawka kawsak runakunaka ñami

chaypika hatun charikkunata alikachik, shi-

sumakta kawsashun yuyashpa. Chay tawka

nallatak kullki sapa runakunami paykunapak

runakunapak aynikunata riksishpa hatun ka-

nishkata rurarkakuna, manapash ñukanchik

maypi killkashkakunaka kayshuk karu llak-

mañashkakunatami paykunapak allipaklla

takunapi killakashka shinami kan nishpa.

mama kamachiyta mushukyachishpa, ma-

Pacha mama kasayta charikmi nishpa killka-

napash tukuykunata tapushpa ima shinami

chishkaka maypipash mana rurashkata shuk

ishkay waranka pusak watapi mama kama-

mushuk yuyayta katishpa kullkita hapinata-

chiyta allichishka shina allichirkakuna.

mi rikuchin. Washaman tikrashpa rikukpika,

Shinallatakmi, shuk waranka iskunpatsak,

ñukanchik pacha mamaka mana kunan shina

iskun chusku wata, shuk punlla, kulla killa-

kawsayukchu karka, ashtawanpash shuy ha-

pi Zapatista nishka awkakunaka, México,

yllita shina runakunak ukupi kashkatami ri-

kiti San Cristóbal Chiapas llaktapi piñari-

kukkuna karka, kunanka Ecuador mamallak-

shpa makanakuyta kallarichirka. Ishkantik

tapa kamachiypi pachamamaka kawsayta

hatun llaktakun, runakunapak hatun tan-

charinmi nikpika shuk yalli allí ruryami kan,

tanakuykunamantami ñankunata pitishpa,

maypipash mana shina yuyashkatami kunan

shinallatak kiti llaktakunata muyuchishpa

punllakunaka churashkanchik.

harkashpa, mana murukuta yaykuchishpa,

Chay killkakpak yuyayta uchillayachishpa

sinchi wankurita rurashpa, llaktata pusha-

rikukpika, pachamamaka kawsayta charik,

kkuna paykunapak yuyashka, pacha ma-

kawsaymantami rimarina, allí yachakkuna

mapi tiyakkunata kichushpa llamkaytaka

nishka shinaka, kawsayuk kashkamantami

harkakkuna. Shinami, chay kimsa hatun tan-

kaparikun, tawka watakunata colonialismo

tanakuykunaka mama llaktakunawan chim-

nishka llapishpa kawsashkamanta. Shinami

parashpa yuyaykunata kushpa, shinchita

pachamamaka Ecuador mamallaktapak ka-

makanakushpa kawsankapak wiñarinkuna.

machiypika runakunapak mañashkata pak-

Shinapash, shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun

tachishka, shinapash kunan punllakunaka

pusak watapi killkashka hatun kamachiypi-

pacha mama kawsayta charinmi nikushpa-

ka, kallari rikuchipika mushuk yuyaykuna-

pash ecuador mama llaktata pushakka mana

tami churarkakuna: kawsaypura, shinalla-

paktachikunchu, ashtawanpash ñami ñawpa

tak tawka runakuna kawsayta rikuchiktami

yuyaypi shinallatak pacha mamataka kullki-

churarkakuna. Chay punchakunamantami

ta hapikapaklla kashkata rikushpa alliman-

kichwa runakuna, shinallatak yana runaku-

talla shuk hatun karu llakta rantikkunaman

napash kamachyipika riksishka tukurka,

kukun.

shinallatak paykunapak allpakuna, kawsay,

Pacaha mama ishkay waranka pusak wata

tantanakuy, ñawpa kawsay, ishkay shimipi

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kamachiypi aynikunaka punllantami paki-

rikushpa runakunapak kawsayta wiñchina-

shpa mana paktachin, (yana wirata karu llak-

tami rikuchin, shinallatak, yachay ukuman-

taman katushpa, yasunípi tiyak hillaykunata

ta rikukpika runakunapak sumak kawsaymi

llushichishpa katushpa, shinallatak shukta-

rikurin, tantanakushka runakunapak ayniku-

nata rurashpami yallitak llakichiku); ru-

namanta, kawsaypuramanta paykunapaklla

nakuna makanakuykunata harkashpa, kapa-

allí kashkata rikuchikmi kan, shinapash ma-

rikkunata wichkachishpa, tantanakuykunata

yhanpash chay yuyayta charishpaka chakru-

rurankapak mana ari nishpa, Pachamamata

rik shinami tantalla llamkankuna.

yanapakkunata chinkachishpa, mana allí ka-

Shuk allí yuyachiyka kawsaypurata ri-

chishpa tukuykunata mana allí rimashpa, allí

kukkunata wiñachina mutsuriymi, hatun

rikukpika, mana ima yuyaytapash kuypak,

yachana wasikunapi katiy rikuytami wiña-

nimata mana alikachishpa, ima allitapash

china, ima shina chay kawsaypuramanta,

mana rurashpami llakichikun.

shinallatak shukshinalla kawsaypura hawa

Rafael Correa, Ecuador Mama llaktata pus-

llamkaykunata kamayta rurachunkuna,

hak kashpaka mana yankamanta, asirishpa-

chay llamkaykunataka mamallaktapak kull-

llachu rimarka, ashtawantakka runakunapak

kiwanmi yanapana kan, allí imatapash rura-

wawsayta, kawsaypurata, yuyaykunatami

richun nishpaka.

aharka, ñawpa salakuna runakunata llapi-

shpa kawsakkuna shina. Correa Pushakka,

yankata yachapashpami rimakkarka. Ñawpa

YACHAYÑANA

salakunaka makashpa kamishpapash, ku-

nan salalakunaka asishpa, kushiyashpa ru-

Kay killkayta rurankapakka tawka yachay-

nakunata rimankuna, Correa shina. Correa

ñanakunami yanaparka: Kamachikunamanta

nikkarka; pachamamapak wawallakuna

yachak warmikunata, karikunatami tawka

nishpa, wawa runakuna, lluqui wawaku-

tapuykunata rurarkanchik. Ashka kutichi-

na nishpa, shinami kutin, mamam llaktapi

shkakunami kay killkashka wachukunapika

kawsak hatun tantanakuyta pushakkunapash

tiyakunkuna; kay killkashkata imashinami

shukkunapash piñarishpa makanakuy kalla-

ñawirishpa rikunkakuna.

rinkuna. Shinami, runakunataka, rakishpa,

Shinallatak, kamukkuna, shuktak killkashka

makanakuchishpa, wakllichishpa runakuna-

pankakunata ñawirishpami kay llankashka

pak tantanakuykunataka llakiman aparka.

pankakunaka rurarirka. Yuyaykunapura-

Chashna makanakushpa kallarishpaka mana

ta chimpapurachishpa, rimarishkakunata

ima allíkunawan rinkunachu, ashtawanpash

wankurichishpa, piñanakuchishpa, awachi-

chay mama kamachiypi killkashka kawsa-

shpami, kay killkayka rurarishka.

ypura, tawkakuna shuk shinalla kawsayta

Maypika, kay killkaypika chaymi waklli

shinchiyachinapak rantika makanakuytami

wakllilla, alli rikushkakunatami

kay ki-

kallarichin, chasnalla katishpaka ima alita

llkaypika yuyaykuna awarishka.

mana rurakushkatami rikuchin, kutinllatak

Ashtawantakka, kay kinmsa yachayñana-

ñawpa kamachiypi rurashka shinallatak ni-

mi tinkirishpa killkaytaka yanapashka. Yu-

matapash mana mushukyachishpa apakus-

yaykuna, chimpapuranakuypika killkakpak

hkatami rikuchin.

yuyaypashmi rikurin.

Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun pu-

Kay killkashka yuyaykunaka imapakla alli-

sak watapi mama kamachiypi churashka

kashkatami willan, shinallatak imalla illas-

tawkakawsay, achka kawsay, shinallatak

hkatami rikuchin. Pillatak, mama kamachi-

ishkay waranka pusaku watapi mama kama-

kwanka alli kawsayta charina kashkatami

chiypi churashka shukshinalla kawsaypura,

riluchin. Kay tapurikunapimi shuktak tapu-

shinallatak kawsaypura yuyakunata churas-

ykunata rurarkanchik. Ima kamachikkuna-

hkaka yalli mana kallpak shina runakuna-

llatak runakunapakka allli, allitak kawsayta

pak llaki kawsaytami harkashka. Shinallatak

kushanin; Mamakamachikka tukuy runaku-

shuy yuyaypika kutin allí yuyarishpa, allí

natachu ukllay, kuyanpash; Sumak kawsa-

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ypi purinkapakka pillatik llankanakanchik;

RIKUSHKA

CHIMPAPURA-

kamachikkunapi nishkashinachu kawsakun-

NAKUY

chik, mana kashpaka, ruraywan, yuyaywan

rakirishkachu kan. Ashtawantakka kay ta-

RUNAKUNAPAK MAKANAKUY,

puykunami purirka mana runakunata ta-

MAMAKAMACHIYPAK ÑANKUNA

punkapaklla, shinapash, kamukkunapipash

ñawirishpa tapurinkapak.

Ecuador ama llaktapi kawsak runaka mana

Shinapash, kay, yachayñanata purichinaka

hawallachu kawsaypak mutsuykunatka

sinchimi kan. Ñawpa pachakunapika, yu-

charishkakuna, ashpawampash sinchita

rak runakunaka, nishunpash, shuktak llakta-

makanakushpa, hatun tantanakuykunawan

manta shamuk runakunaka, ashtawantakaka,

wankurinakushpami mañaykunataka cha-

Abya-Yala, llaktapi kawsakkunataka mana

rikkuna kashka, kunan punllakunakamami

yachankichikchu, ñukanchikmi yachanchik

Abya yala tantanakuykunawan minkarishpa

nikmi karkakuna. Mashna yachaskapash

makanakunkuna. Shina: Abya yala hatun

mana usharirkachu, yuyaypash chinkarirka-

llaktapika, ishkay makanakuykunami tiyas-

mi, kawsakunapash wañurkami, runakuna-

hka rikurin. Ecuador Mamallaktapi shuk

ta, pushakkunatapash wañuchirkakunami.

waranka iskun ptsak, iskun chunka watapi

Ñawpa taripak, llakichik, yurak amawtaku-

shuk hatun runakuna hatari makanakuy ti-

naka kapakmanmi katurirkakuna.

yarka, kutin, chay watakunallatakmi Bolivia

Chashna taripanaka, kay pachakunapi-

llaktapipash runakunaka tukuy ñankunata

ka, sinchitami rimashka kashka: maypika

harkashpa llaktata pushakkunawan maka-

paykuna puralatak, maypika wakchakuna-

nakuy tiyarka. Chay ishkay ruraykunaka

manta. Kunan pachapika, tapukunapish ya-

makanakunkapak mushuk tantanakuykunata

chanmi, tapushka runakunapash yachanku-

wiñachishpa wankurishpa llaktata wichiman

nami, tukuykunamu yachankuna. Maymanta

pushana kashkatami rikuchin “chay hatun

shamuk taripakkunapash shukta yuyayta,

ruraykunataka kunan kawsaypak yachanami

shuktak kawsayta, shuktak yachayta, shuk-

tukun” (García 2003:195).

tak runakunata paypak kawsayta shinllatak-

Shinallatakmi, shuk waranka iskunpatsak,

mi kuyana kan. Mana, taripakpak kawsay

iskun chusku wata, shuk punlla, kulla ki-

shinachu kan nishpaka, shuktak kawsayku-

llapi Zapatista nishka awkakunaka, México

nata llapinallachu kan.

kiti San Cristóbal Chiapas llaktapi piñari-

Taripayta rurak runakunaka, mana, payku-

shpa makanakuyta kallarichirka

(Wallers-

napak kamukkunata killkashpallachu sakiri-

tein 2008). Ishkantik hatun llaktakuna (Bo-

na kan, ashtawankari, maypi tapurishkapak

livia shinallatak Ecuador), runakunapak

kawsayta allichishpa ñawpakman apanami

hatun tantanakuykunamantami ñankunata

kan. Taripakkuna alli kawstami mashkana

pitishpa, shinallatak kiti llaktakunata muyu-

kan. Yachakkunapak, killkakkunapak kari-

chishpa harkashpa, mana murukuta yayku-

pak, warmipak, yuyakkunapak, wawakuna-

chishpa, sinchi wankurita rurashpa, llaktata

pak kawsaykunapimi wankurina kan.

pushakkuna paykunapak yuyashka, pacha

Kay killkashka pankakunaka mana runaku-

mamapi tiyakkunata kichushpa llamkaytaka

napak kishpirinatachu karan, shinapash as-

harkakkuna. (Gutierrez 2009: 95). Shinami,

haku yuyayakunawanmi yanaparin. Shina-

chay kimsa hatun tantanakuykunaka mama

pash, ñawpa yachayñanataka shakishpami,

llaktakunawan chimparashpa yuyaykuna-

shuktak yachayñanata ushashkanchik. Chay

ta kushpa, shinchita makanakushpa kaw-

yachayñanaka chinpapura yachaymi kan,

sankapak wiñarinkuna.

wankurinakuhspa killkaymi kan. Yachayña-

Wakinpika, runakunapak tantanakuy mañas-

na minka nishpa tukuchishun. Kay Yacha-

hkakuna, makanakuykunaka mana Mama-

yñanamanataka shuktak killkakunapi ash-

llaktapak ruraykunata wakllichishpa panta

tawan yuyarushpaka allichari kanman.

mañaykunachu kan, ima shinami Teresa Sie-

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rra chay guerrero llaktapi chapak hawaman-

chinmi ari nirka, shinapash, achkata charik

ta rikushka shinaka:

tantanakushka millay mishukuna tantanakus-

Shuk waranka, iskun patsak, is-

hpaka paykunata nishkatami rurarkakuna,

kun chunka, pichka watamantami,

ashtawanpash mana ari nishkakunakamami

uchillallaktapi

tantanakushpami

tukuyta kamachiytaka mushukyachirkaku-

yuyarikkuna, wañuchina illapa

na. Shinami, chay kipaka shuk waranka is-

hillaykunata chay Costa Chica,

kun pastak, iskun pusak wata, pichka punlla

Guerrero chusku chunka, pusak

inti killapi, Riobamba llaktapi mana ni pi-

Awkakunata pushakkuna ukupi ri-

kuchishpa killkachirkakuna. Shi-

tapash tapushpalla hatun mushukyachishka

nami chay llaktapi chapakkunaka

kamachiytaka karwa killapi, chay watallatak

mana mamallaktapak tikraman

ña ari nishpa churarkakuna.

ruraykunata rurana kashkata riku-

Shinapash, shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun

chin, ashtawanpash shuway llaki-

pusak watapi killkashka hatun kamachiypi-

kunata wankurishpa allichinkapak-

ka, kallari rikuchipika mushuk yuyaykuna-

mi kan, mana mamallakta allichi

tukushkamanta.

(Sierra

2009:14)

tami churarkakuna: kawsaypura, shinalla-

Ecuador mamallaktapi wiñachishka runaku-

tak tawka runakuna kawsayta rikuchiktami

napak hatun tantanakuypash mana tikraman

churarkakuna. Chay punllakunamantami

llaktata llakichinkapakchu kan. Tukuy ru-

kichwa runakuna, shinallatak yana runaku-

raykuna, shinallatak mañaykunapash kama-

napash kamachyipika riksishka tukurka,

ykunata paktachishpami kawsankuna. Wa-

shinallatak paykunapak allpakuna, kawsay,

kinpika, shina paktachikunaka runakunata

tantanakuy, ñawpa kawsay, ishkay shimipi

muspachinkapakmi kan, ama piñarishpa

rimashpa yachay, makanakuykunata runaku-

mañaykunata rurachun, shinami makanakuk

nallatak allichinchunpash churarkakuna.

runakunata mana makanakuk runakunata

Shinami wakin makanakukkunaka ashallata-

rurankuna (Poole 2008). Mamallaktamanta

pash kushiyarirkakuna, chay shuk waranka

chashna muspachisha nikpipash, runakuna-

iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi punta-

pak hatun tantanakuykunaka uramanta ha-

pi churashka yuyakunamanta, shinapash

nakmanta makunakushpami paktachiykunta

Agustín Grijalva yachakka

(2008) mana

shinallatak mañaykunatapash hapishkakuna,

allikachinchu, ashtawanpash wakin uchilla

shina: mushuk kamachiyta rurachirka.

kamaykunapika uchilla harkaykunata chu-

rashkamanta, kutin, CONAIE tantanakuy,

2. SHUK WARANKA, ISKUN PATSAK,

shinallatak Pachakutik tantanakushkaku-

ISKUN PUSAK WATAPI KILKACHI-

naka chawpi chawpillapash kushiyarinkuna-

SHKA KAMACHIY

mi, ashtawanka ecuador mama kamachiypi

runakunapak tawka kawsaykunata churas-

Shuk waranka, iskun patsak, iskun kanchis

hkamanta, kipamanka ñukanchik llaktapi

wata, ishkay chunka pichka punlla, aymu-

tawka kawsak runakunaka ñami sumakta

ray killapimi Ecuador mamallaktapika ha-

kawsashun yuyashpa. Chay tawka runaku-

tun tapuy tiyarka, tukuy kiti llaktakumanta

napak aynikunata riksishpa hatun kamaypi

tantanakushpa hatun kamachiyta kutin alli-

killkashkakunaka kayshuk karu llaktakunapi

chishpa killakankapak. Shinami, chay shuy

killakashka shinami kan nishpa: Colombia

waranka iskun patsak, iskun kanchis wata,

1991, Perú 1993, Bolivia 1994, Venezuela

ishkay chunka punlla, kayak killapi, llaktapi

1999 (Becker 2015).

kawsakkuna ari nishkawan kamayta killka

Ecuador mama llaktapi tiyak hatun runaku-

kallarirkakuna, chay llankaytaka ñawpa pus-

napak tantanakuykunaka, chay shuk waranka

hak Oswaldo Hurtado aparka, kipamanka

iskun pastak, iskun pusak watapi killkashka

Luis Mejía Montesdeoca mishumi chay tan-

kamachiyta pushakkuna mana pakchikta ri-

tanakuytaka pusharka.

kushpaka, kutinmi shinchita mañaykunata

Kaytami yuyarina kanchik, llakpi tukuy

rurashpa makanakuykunawan kallarirkaku-

kawsakkunaka tantanakushpa kamayta alli-

na. Shuk waranka iskun pastak, iskun pusak

REVISTA CHAKIÑAN, 2019, Nº.7, ABRIL, (5-15)

ISSN 2550-6722

watapi killkashka kamachiyka achka allí

pular Democrático, Izquierda Democrática,

yuyaykunatami charin, rimaykunata, ayni-

Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano).

kuna, hanpirinamanta, yachaymanta, ash-

Shinami, Rafael Correa Ecuador Mamallak-

tawanpash ishkay waranka pusak watapi ki-

tata pushak yaykushpaka, ishkay chunka

llkachishka kamachiyka ñawpa kamachiypi

pichka punlla, kulla killa, ishkay patsak

churashka yuyaykunata sinchiyachishpami

kanchis watapi hatun tapuyta rurankapak

killkachin.

kayachirka. Kimsa killa washa, pay pus-

hankapak yaykushka kashpami kayachir-

3. ISHKAY WARANKA PUSAK WATA-

ka ari mana ninchunkuna, shinaka, chunka

PI KILLKACHISHKA KAMACHIY

pichka ayriwa killa, ishkay patsak kanchis

watapi ña kayachikpika ecuador mamallak-

Rafael Correa Delgado, allí yachak,llaktata

tapi tukuy kawsakkunaka pusak chunka yu-

pushankapak mushuk yuyayta charik, allí

paykunawan (80%) ari, mushuk kamachiyta

yachachaik, amawta, kullki kamayuk, Al-

killkachun shuk tananakuyta wiñachichun

fredo Palacio pushakuy watakunapimi riksi-

nishpa mishachirka

(Becquer

2015). Ña,

shka tuparka, ishkay waranka sukta watapi-

kimsa chunka punlla, kuski killa, ishkay

mi Ecuador mamallaktapak pushak tukurka.

waranka kanchis watapi kayachikpika pat-

Pichka chunka, sukta chunka kanchis aspi-

sak kimsa chunkamantaka, pusak runaku-

wanmi (56,67%), Ishkay chunka punlla, sasi

na paypak wiñachishka llaktata pushaypak

killapimi chay achka kullkisapa Alvaro No-

ukumanta muisharka, chasnami chunka shuk

boa ishkay kutin mishanakuypi misharka,

marka llaktakunamanta misharkakuna.

chaypak washaka ishkay waranka kanchis

Kutin, shamuk wata, ishkay chunka pusak

wata, chunka pichka kulla killapimi ña llak-

punlla, sasi killa, ishkay patsak wata kaya-

tata pushankapak kallarirka.

chipika sukta chunka kimsa, iskun chunka

Tukuymanta yalli paypak yuyay churaskaka

kimsa aspikunawanmi ari nirkakuna, ku-

mamallaktapak kamachiyta mushukyachi-

tin, ishkay chunka pusak, chunkakunallami

chinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wiñachinata-

mana nirkakuna, mana allí aspishkakunaka

mi rurasha nishpa yaykurka, shinallatak ru-

kanchis, ishkay chunka kimsakunatami as-

nakunata hatun tantankuy pushakkunawan,

pirkakuna, Guayaquil llaktallapimi mana

kayshuk tantanakuyta pushkunawanpash,

nishpaka misharka, (chusku chunka, iskun

llukimanta yuyayta charik tantanakuynata

kanchis yapaykunawan mana nirka, shi-

tantachishpa pushanatami kallarirka. (Parti-

nallatak, chusku chunka, sukta pusaku yu-

do Socialista, Pachakutik, Movimiento Po-

paykunaka ari nirka).

REVISTA CHAKIÑAN, 2019, Nº.7, ABRIL, (5-15)

ISSN 2550-6722

Kay suyushkakunapika (1 y 2) imashina

Mamakachiypi ima shina ikta

Mama Llaktapi pushakkunata akllashkaku-

hawaman churashpa pushan.

natami rikuchin: arinishkakuna (63, 93%),

Mamallaktapak allpa llaktapi ti-

mananishkakuna (28%), sinallatak waklli-

yakkuna mana kutin wiñarik kakta,

mamallaktapak charishkata, mana

shkakunatapash

(7,23%). Ñukanchik yu-

shitanalla, mana pipash yaykuna-

yaypika, kay yupaykunaka mamallaktapak

lla, mana katunalla, wiñaypak cha-

akllaykunapak tandanakuyka allí kawsayta-

rinallami kan. (Becker 2015: 120).

mi rikuchin. Astawantakka, kay 63,93% ari-

nishka yupaykunami Ecuador, Mama Llak-

Kay yuyayta churashkaka, Ecuador mama-

tapi allí tantanakushkata rikuchin. Mama

llakatapi tawka kawsaypura, chunka kimsa

Llaktata pushakpahs sinchi sinchitami sha-

llakta kawsay, shinallatak yalli pachaka mi-

yarishpa yuyarishpapash pushanka. Shi-

shukunawan tantalla kawsayta rikushkatami

naka, karipak, warmipak, wawakunapak,

umanachin. (Trujillo

2012; Becker 2015)

yuyakkunapakmi allí kawasaykunakanka.

shinallatak kimsa yuyaykunatami rikuchin

Chay hatun kayachiypi mishayka, runaku-

napak hatun tantanakuy yanapashpa llankas-

(Shuk) Ecuador mamallaktapika

tawka tantanakushka runakuna kaw-

hkamantami misharka. mana Correa pusha-

sashkata, ashtawanpash mana shuk-

kllachu mishashka, runakunapak tantanakuy

lla tantarishka runakunallachu kaw-

wankurishkakunami mishan nishpami Ana

san nishpa riksirishkatami rikuchin.

María Anaguarqui Chimborazo markamanta

(ishkay) Shuy sumak yuyaypika,

runakunapak tantanakuy pushkka nirka. Ima

tukuykuna sumakta kawshuk chays-

shinami Venezuela llaktapi waranka iskun

huk wankurishpa mana makanakus-

hpalla shinallatak mana kayshukka

patsak, iskun chunka iskun watapi killkashka

hatun tukushpalla makipurashpa

kamachiy shina, ñukanchik Ecuador mama-

kawsachun yuyaytami rikuchin.

llakta kamachiyka tukuytami ukumanta mus-

(kimsa) Ña kipawanka, shuk tan-

huk yuyaykunta churarkakuna, chasnami

tanakushka runakulla, kayshukku-

mushuk pushakkunatapash akllana tukurka,

nata mana alikhishpa kawsanata

kiti llaktamanta kallarishpa, kamaykunata

kunkarichun nishpa hatun yuyayta-

mi rikuchin

(Ávila

2012:283).

rikukunata, shinallatak mamallaktata pusha-

kkama, (Becker 2015). Achka kawysakku-

Shinamari, kawsaypura rikuchiyka tukuy

namanta shinallatak tawka runakunamanta,

kawsaypi mamallaktapak kamachiy mutsu-

shuk kawsaypura, shinallatak tawkakuna

rishka kana kashkata rikuchin, kay yuyaku-

shukshinalla kawsayta charishkata rikuchik

naka allí kawsaypi, mama llaktapak kallari-

yuyayta churaskami ashtawanka sumak allí

pi, shinallatak tukuy mama kamachiypimi

karka.

rikurin

(Ávila 2012). Katherine Walsh ri-

Shuk niki.- Ecuador Mamallakta

kuypika (2009-2012) chay sumak yuyayku-

mamakamachiy hayñi, kishpiri-

naka, ñawpa runakunapak kawsaymanta

yshka runakunapak, llakta-ushay,

hapishkakunami kan, paykuanaka mama-

hawaman awkiyak, kikinlla, tan-

llaktamanta chikanchishka, waklichishkami

tachik kawsaypura kawsay, tawka

kawsayyuk, mana iñipash ki-

kawsakkuna karka.

kinyashka Mamallaktami kan,

Kutin, paykunapak sumak yuyaykunata

Kay hatun llaktaka Mamalakta

mama kamchiypi churashpa killkashkaka

shinami tantarin, shinapash mar-

aschka allimi kan, chaymantami llaktata

kakunapi. llaktakunapi,

karu-

pushakkunaka paykunataka sinchiyachishpa

manta kamachishpami pushan.

sumakta tantalla pushana (Grijalva 2008).

Mamallaktaka awkikayka llak-

tapimi minkarin, kamachikka

Llaktata pushak Rafael Correa, mana tanta-

paykunapak munaypimi sapi-

lla tawka runakuawan ecudor mamallaktata

yarin,

runakunapaktantanakuy

pushashkamantami runakunaka piñarishpa

ushaywan paktachin, paykuna-

chinkanyarishpa anchurkakuna. Ecuador

pak yachaywan chaypi kashpa

REVISTA CHAKIÑAN, 2019, Nº.7, ABRIL, (5-15)

ISSN 2550-6722

mamakamachiypika shuk sumak rikuytami

Shinallatak, ñukanchik, Mamallaktata pus-

churarkakuna pachamamapak aynitami ki-

hakkunaka; pi kashpapash, maykan kas-

llkachirka, kaykamaka pachamaka shuy ha-

hpapash, wiñay kawsaypimi runakunataka

ylli shinallami rikushka karka, kunanmanta

llakichishpa, wañuchishpa, shamushkaku-

ñawpakmanka pachamamaka kawsayta cha-

na. Shina, runakunapak kawsay kakpipash,

rikta rikushkami kan (Acosta 2014:323).

manatak llakillachu kawsashkakuna, imala-

Pacha mama kasayta charikmi nishpa killka-

pash, imashinapsh pukllaywan, ushaywan,

chishkaka maypipash mana rurashkata shuk

munaywan, yachaywanmi ñawpakman kati-

mushuk yuyayta katishpa kullkita hapinata-

kmushkakuna.

mi rikuchin. Washaman tikrashpa rikukpika,

Chasna makanakushpa kallarishpaka mana

ñukanchik pacha mamaka mana kunan shi-

ima allíkunawan rinkunachu, ashtawanpash

na kawsayukchu karka, ashtawanpash shuy

chay mama kamachiypi killkashka kawsa-

hayllita shina runakunak ukupi kashkatami

ypura, tawkakuna shuk shinalla kawsayta

rikukkuna karka, (Cartesinopak yuyay), ku-

shinchiyachinapak rantika makanakuytami

nanka ecuador mamallaktapa kamachiypi

kallarichin, chasnalla katishpaka ima alita

pachamamaka kawsayta charinmi nikpika

mana rurakushkatami rikuchin, kutinllatak

shuk yalli allí ruryami kan, maypipash mana

ñawpa kamachiypi rurashka shinallatak ni-

shina yuyashkatami kunan punllakunaka

matapash mana mushukyachishpa apakus-

churashkanchik (Walsh 2012).

hkatami rikuchin.

Chay killkakpak yuyayta uchillayachishpa

rikukpika, pachamamaka kawsayta charik,

4. KAWSAYPURAPAK MAMA LLAK-

kawsaymanta rimarina, Hinkelammert ni-

TAPI TIKRA YUYAKUNA, SHINALLA-

shka shinaka, kawsayuk kashkamantami

TAK HARKAYKUANAPASH

kaparikun, tawka watakunata colonialismo

nishka llapishpa kawsashkamanta. Shinami

Kaysaypurata shinallatak shukshinalla

tawka kawsaykunata shuk mamallaktapi

pachamamaka ecuador mamallaktapak ka-

churashkaka shuk “hayllikuna shinami kan”

machiypika runakunapak mañashkata pak-

(Foucault

2010), shuktakkunapak kawsa-

tachishka, shinapash kunan punllakunaka

ykunata riksinkapak, kipanchishpa pakashka

pacha mama kawsayta charinmi nikushpa-

kakpi rikurinapak, shinallatak pakalla kaw-

pash ecuador mama llaktata pushakka mana

sakushta rikuchinkapak. Kawsaypurayuk

paktachikunchu, ashtawanpash ñami ñawpa

mamallaktapika wakchalla llakilla kawsa-

yuyaypi shinallatak pacha mamataka kullki-

naka mana pakashka kanachu (Ávila 2012).

ta hapikapaklla kashkata rikushpa alliman-

Shuktakkunapak kawsaykunata riksinaka,

sumakta yachana kikin yachaskata tikra

talla shuk hatun karu llakta rantikkunaman

kunkarishpa yachaypakmi kan, chay hatun

kukun.

tantanakushka runakuna, kayshuk uchilla

Pacaha mama ishkay waranka pusak wata

tantanakushka kawsaykunata yachanaka

kamachiypi aynikunaka punllantami paki-

achka mutsurishkami, tantalla llamkana,

shpa mana paktachin, (yana wirata karu llak-

ñukanchik kiwakunallawantak hampirina-

taman katushpa, yasunípi tiyak hillaykunata

manta, warmikuta alikachishpa kawsay-

llushichishpa katushpa, shinallatak shukta-

manta yachanakuna, kutin, kawshuk hatun

nata rurashpami yallitak llakichiku); ru-

llaktakunapak kawsaykunaka achka yanka-

nakuna makanakuykunata harkashpa, kapa-

manta wañuykuna, shinallatak shuk hampi-

kunawan hampirishpa kawsaytami apamus-

rikkunata wichkachishpa, tantanakuykunata

hka (Ávila 2012). Shina yachaykunataka,

rurankapak mana ari nishpa, Pachamamata

kashnami shutichinchik kawsaypura yachay.

yanapakkunata chinkachishpa, mana allí

Shimami kay mutsurinamanta rikukpika

kachishpa tukuykunata mana allí rimashpa,

yachay pampakunapi, shinallatak yachana

(Sierra 2014:36), allí rikukpika, mana ima

ukukunapipash kutin allí yachachina kan-

yuyaytapash kuypak, nimata mana alikachi-

chik, kawsaypura shukshinalla tukushpa

shpa, ima allitapash mana rurashpami llaki-

yachaytami ruray tukunchik (Walsh 2013),

chikun (Ospina 2009).

chasshna millay yuyay ñukanchik ukupi ti-

REVISTA CHAKIÑAN, 2019, Nº.7, ABRIL, (5-15)

ISSN 2550-6722

yashpa hatun tukuna yuyayta, shinallatak pi-

kashkata yachankapaklla, ashtawanpash

tapash mana alikachishpa kawsana yuyayta

kawsaypak ima allí pushaypak, mana maka-

kukpi kunkarinkapak (Foucault 2014:16).

nashpa kawsaypak, mana alikachishpa

Shinami, kay mamallaktapi kawsaypurata

kawsayta sakishpa sumakta shuk shinalla

sinchiyachinaka mana shuk yanka rimay-

tawkakuna kashpapash kawsankapak.

lla kay. Paktaykunaka mana kamaykunapa

Karu llaktapi killkachishka kamchiykuna-

killkashkallachu kana kan, yachay wasi-

pash llamkaymanta pushak

169, muyun-

pi wawakunata yachachinkapaklla, hatun

tik llaktapak killkashka UNESCO nishka

pushayta wiñachishpalla, karu rikuypi ri-

shinaka, sinchitami llankana kan, ecuador

kurinkapakllachu kana kan. Ashtawanpash

mamallaktapika manatak ayllu ukupi ya-

mamallakatapi kawsaypuramanta rimayka

chay, llaktakunapi, apunchikta yachana wasi

hatun paktaykunapakmi, tukuy runakuna

ukukunamanta chikanchishpa llankanachu,

wankurinakushpa sumakta kawsankapakmi

ashtawanpash anta uyarianta, yachana wa-

kan (Ávila 2012:378).

sikunamanta tukuy manyakunamantami

Hatun yuyarina, tapuy punchakunapimi kaw-

kawsaypurata, shukshinalla kawsaypuratka

sanchik, ashalla waklishka yuyaykunata kus-

yachachina kanchik mana shina llankakpika

hpami kawsanchik (De Sousa Santos 2010)

sumak rimashka, allí kamachiyta charishka-

mana killkana pataku washamanta sumakta

ta rikuchikllami sakirinka.

rimashpalla makipi waktayta chaskinkapak-

Kawsaypura yachayta mana hawamanta

llachu kan, “imallatapash ashtawanmi rura-

churashkalla kachunka, ayllumanta wiñachi-

na kanchik” (R. M. Illicachi, comunicación

shkami kana kan, paykunami ñawpa llaki

personal, 18 de enero de 2019).

kawsaytaka yachankuna, paykunami rima-

Kutinllatakmi yuyachini, kawsaypuramanta

nakushpa kawsanataka mañankuna, shinami

llankankapakka yachay ukumantami kalla-

kikinyarishpa shukshina yuyashpapash kaw-

rin, yachana wasi ukumantami wiñachina-

sanata charinkuna (Ávila 2012:304), runaku-

Imatatak yachana wasika wiñachin- Yachana

napak hatun tantanakuy, yana runakunapak

wasika kawsaypura wankurishpa kawsayta,

tantanakuy, shinallatak llukichishka yuyayta

mana kashpaka sapalla kawsanatami yacha-

pushakkuna sinchita kaparishpa mushuk

chi tukun. Yachana wasi ukupimi rikchachi,

kawsayta wiñachinkuna, paykunaka mana

mana kashpaka kawsaypuramanta, shukshi-

pushak tukunkallapak, mañaykunata maka-

naklla kawsayta chikakachichun yachachin,

nakuyta pushankapakllachu llankankuna,

chaymantami tawka llamkaykunata rurana

ashtawanpash kunan pachakunaka runaku-

kanchik, shina: yuyaykunata chimpapuras-

napak tantanakuykunaka sumak kawsaypak

hpa tantanakuy, killkanata killkakatishpa,

allí yachaykunata yuyarinakushpa chu-

yachana kamukunata killkashpa, sumak kaw-

rankapak, ima shina kawsaypurata yachay

saymanta, tantalla kawsaymanta shukkuna-

ukukunamanta churankapakmi kankuna

mantapash. Kawsaypuramanta, shukshinalla

(Escobar 2001), shinami, kichwa runakuna,

kawsaymanta, twka tanatanakuy kawsay-

yana runakuna, mishukunapash wankuri-

manta, shukshina kawsaymanta rikunkapak

nakushpa shukshinalla tawka yuyakunawan

killkakunaka achkakunami tiyan, shinapash

llaktata sinchiyachiyachinkakuna.

imashina yachay ukunamanta llamkanaka

Kay yuyaypimi awarin, Norma Bayas rima-

mana achkachu rikurin (Martínez 2007).

rishka:

“Ñukanchik kamachikunaka, tuku-

Kawsaypuramanta, shukshinalla kawsa-

ykunatami kuyaya kan, pita mana llakichina-

ypuramanta, sumak kawsaymanta hatun

chun kan. Kunan pachaka, ñawi allí kawsana

yachana wasikunapi, uchilla yachana wasi-

kanchik, chimpapura rikunakushpa, makita

kunapi yachachiyka mana kichwa runaku-

kunakushpa, shunkuwantak kuyanakushpa.

napakllachu kana kan, ashtawanpash tuku-

Mana shunkumanta kuyanakukpika ima allí

ykunapakmi minkashka kan. Mamallaktapi

kamachikkuna tiyakpipash mana, imapak

kawsaypura, shukshinalla kawsaypurata sin-

mana ushunkachu” (N. Bayas, comunicación

chiyachinkapakka tukuylla yachanana wasi-

personal, 15 de marzo de 2019). Chashna

kunapi, shinallatak tukuy yachaykunapimi

kakpika, nipakmi kanchik, kamachikkunaka

yachachina kan, “yachankapakka ñawpaman

allimi tiyashka; shinaka, kamachikukunata

yachaskata kunkarishpami yachana” (Wal-

purichikkunami waklli, waklli kashkakuna.

2013),

“chimpapurashpa wankurishpa

rurayta katinami allí kanman yuyanimi”

(Foucault 2014:14), mana kawsaypura ima

REVISTA CHAKIÑAN, 2019, Nº.7, ABRIL, (5-15)

ISSN 2550-6722

TUKURIPIY CHURASHKA YUYAYKUNA

KIMIRISHKA KAMUKUNA

Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun kan-

Acosta, A. (2104). El Buen Vivir como alternati-

chis wata, aymuray killapimi

- Ecuador

va al desarrollo: reflexiones desde la perife-

ria de la periferia. En José Luis Coraggio

mamallaktapika mama kamachiyta mus-

y Jean Louis Laville (eds.) Reinventar la iz-

hukyachinkapak hatun tantanakuyta wi-

quierda en el siglo XXI (p.p. 317-320). Quito:

ñachinkapak ari mana nishpa tapuchirka,

Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales.

chaypika hatun charikkunata alikachik, shi-

nallatak kullki sapa runakunami paykunapak

Ávila, R. (2012). ¿Debemos aprender el derecho

nishkata rurarkakuna, manapash ñukanchik

penal estatal de la justicia indígena? En Boa-

mañashkakunatami paykunapak allipaklla

ventura de Sousa Santos y Agustín Grijal-

mama kamachiyta mushukyachishpa, ma-

va (eds.). Justicia indígena, plurinacionalidad

napash tukuykunata tapushpa ima shinami

e interculturalidad en Ecuador (pp. 279-304).

ishkay waranka pusak watapi mama kama-

Quito: Abya-Yala.

chiyta allichishka shina allichirkakuna.

Becker, M. (2015). ¡Pachakutik! Movimientos indíge-

Shuk waranka iskun patsak, iskun pu-

nas, proyectos y políticos y disputas electorales en

sak watapi mama kamachiypi churashka

el Ecuador. Quito: Abya-Yala.

tawkakawsay, achka kawsay, shinallatak

ishkay waranka pusaku watapi mama kama-

De Sousa Santos, B. (2010). Descolonizar el saber,

chiypi churashka shukshinalla kawsaypura,

reinventar el poder. Montevideo: Gráfica Don

shinallatak kawsaypura yuyakunata churas-

Bosco.

hkaka yalli mana kallpak shina runakuna-

pak llaki kawsaytami harkashka. Shinallatak

Escobar, A. (2001). Introducción: lo cultural y lo

shuy yuyaypika kutin allí yuyarishpa, allí

político en los movimientos sociales latinoa-

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